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picture1_Thermal Analysis Pdf 88642 | Lecture Note 8 Ce605a&che705b


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File: Thermal Analysis Pdf 88642 | Lecture Note 8 Ce605a&che705b
network analysis introduction 1 network is a technique used for planning and scheduling of large projects in the fields of construction maintenance fabrication purchasing computer system instantiation research and development ...

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                                                                                                                                            Network Analysis 
                      Introduction                                                                                                                                     1 
                       
                      Network is a technique used for planning and scheduling of large projects in the fields of 
                      construction, maintenance, fabrication, purchasing, computer system instantiation, research 
                      and development planning etc. There is multitude of operations research situations that can 
                      be modeled and solved as network. Some recent surveys reports that as much as 70% of 
                      the real-world mathematical programming problems can be represented by network related 
                      models. Network analysis is known by many names _PERT (Programme Evaluation and 
                      Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method), PEP (Programme Evaluation Procedure), 
                      LCES  (Least  Cost  Estimating  and  Scheduling),  SCANS  (Scheduling  and  Control  by 
                      Automated Network System), etc    
                      This chapter will present three of algorithms. 
                            1.  PERT & CPM 
                            2.  Shortest- route algorithms 
                            3.  Maximum-flow algorithms      
                                                                                                                               
                      The Basic Terminology          
                       
                      Network  
                      It is a graphical representation of logical and sequentially connected activities and events of 
                      a  project.  Network  is  also  called  arrow  diagram.  PERT  (Programme  Evolution  Review 
                      Technique) and (Critical Path Method) are the two most widely applied techniques. 
                       
                                                                                       Network 
                                                                                     Techniques 
                                                                           PERT                       CPM 
                                                                                                                     
                      Project 
                      A project is defined as a combination of interrelated activities which must be executed in a 
                      certain order in for its completion. 
                      Project Management Process 
                      Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific techniques which can be used 
                      for the planning, management and control of projects 
                      Activity  
                      Any individual operation, which utilizes resources and has an end and a beginning, is called 
                      activity. 
                                 A task or a certain amount of work required in the project 
                                 Requires time to complete 
                                 Represented by an arrow 
                       
                       These are usually classified into four categories: 
                               Predecessor activity 
                               Successor activity 
                                                                                                                                                               DJ 
                       
                                                                                                Network Analysis 
                      Concurrent activity 
                      Dummy activity                                                                               2 
                      
               Dummy Activity 
               It Indicates only precedence relationships and does not require any time of effort 
                
                
               PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is a method to analyze the involved 
               tasks in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and 
               identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project. 
                
               PERT is based on the assumption that an activity’s duration follows a probability distribution 
               instead of being a single value 
               Three time estimates are required to compute the parameters of an activity’s duration 
               distribution: 
                
                   1.  Pessimistic time (t  ) - the time the activity would take if things did not go well 
                                            p
                   2.  Most likely time (t  ) - the consensus best estimate of the activity’s duration 
                                            m
                   3.  Optimistic time (to ) - the time the activity would take if things did go well. 
                
               Mean (expected time) = (tp 4tm        to)   
                                                6
                                   t   t   2
                             2      p   o
               Variance (     )=     6       
                
               Probability computation:  Determine probability that project is completed within specified 
               time   Z    X       
               Where   = project mean time 
                          = project standard mean time 
                       x = (proposed) specified time  
                
                
               Float: 
               Float of an activity represents the excess of available time over its duration. 
                
               Total Float (Ft) 
               The amount of time by which the completion of an activity could be delay beyond  the 
               earliest expected completion time without affecting the overall project duration.   
                i.e.  Tf= (Latest start-Earliest start)  for activity(i-j), or,(Tf)ij=(LS)jj-(ES)ij                                         
                
               Free Float (Ff)   
               The time by which the completion of an activity can be delayed beyond the earliest finish 
               time without affecting the earliest start of a subsequent (succeeding) activities. 
                
               Situations in network diagram 
               1. A must finish before either B or C can start 
                
                                                                                                             DJ 
                
                                                                                                                                         Network Analysis 
                                                                                                                                                                   3 
                                                                          
                      2. Both A and B must finish before C can start 
                          
                                                                        
                          
                       
                      3. Both A and C must finish before either of B or D can start  
                          
                                                                      
                       
                      4. A must finish before B can start both A and C must finish before D can start  
                                                                   
                      Benefits of CPM/PERT 
                                1)  Useful at many stages of project management 
                                2)  Mathematically simple 
                                3)  Give critical path and slack time 
                                4)  Provide project documentation 
                                5)  Useful in monitoring costs  
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                       
                                                                                                                                                           DJ 
                       
                                                                                                          Network Analysis 
                  
                 Distinguish Between PERT and CPM?                                        WBUT-08                             4 
                  
                  
                                     PERT                                                 CPM 
                       (Programme Evaluation Review                             (Critical Path Method) 
                                  Technique) 
                 1. PERT is event oriented.                        1. CPM is activity oriented. 
                                                                    
                 2. PERT is probabilistic.                         2. CPM is deterministic. 
                                                                    
                 3. PERT is primarily concerned with time  3. CPM places dual emphasis on project 
                 only.                                                 time as well cost. 
                 4.  PERT  is  generally  used  for  projects   
                 where  time  required  to  complete  the  4. CPM is used for projects which are 
                 activities  is  not  known  a  priori.  Thus      repetitive in nature and comparatively  
                 PERT  is  used  for  large,  R&D  type  of      small in size. 
                 projects.                                         5.One time estimate is possible for activities 
                 5. Three time estimates are possible for  (No allowance is made for uncertainty) 
                 activities linking up two events. 
                  
                  
                  
                  
                 Example: 02. The following table gives the activities of a construction project and other 
                 relevant information. 
                                Activities    Normal duration        Crash duration          Crashing cost 
                                   (i-j)           (days)                (days)              (Rs. per day) 
                                    1-2               9                     6                      20 
                                    1-3               8                     5                      25 
                                    1-4              15                     10                     30 
                                    2-4               5                     3                      10 
                                    3-5              10                     6                      15 
                                    4-5               2                     1                      40 
                       
                     A.   What is the normal project length and minimum project length? 
                     B.   Determine the minimum crashing costs of schedule ranging from length down to and          
                         the minimum length schedule. 
                     C.  What is the optimal length schedule duration of each job for your solution? 
                           Given that over head cost total Rs. 60 per day. 
                                                                                                                        DJ 
                  
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...Network analysis introduction is a technique used for planning and scheduling of large projects in the fields construction maintenance fabrication purchasing computer system instantiation research development etc there multitude operations situations that can be modeled solved as some recent surveys reports much real world mathematical programming problems represented by related models known many names pert programme evaluation review cpm critical path method pep procedure lces least cost estimating scans control automated this chapter will present three algorithms shortest route maximum flow basic terminology it graphical representation logical sequentially connected activities events project also called arrow diagram evolution are two most widely applied techniques defined combination interrelated which must executed certain order its completion management process general name given to specific activity any individual operation utilizes resources has an end beginning task or amount w...

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