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3 An Aesthetics of Existence The theorist who put forth the now classical post modern topos on the death of man in the 7960s reveals here a certain nostalgia for the subiect. Redefining in part the scope of his intellectual activity in the 7980s as constituting a new genealogy of morals, Foucault now centers his research on a subiect who turns his life into an exemplary work of art. The question of truth in politics is one which must be addressed by an intellectual whose parrhesia (free speech) functions in the name of knowledge and experience. Originally given on April 25, 7984 to Alessandro Fontana (a collaborator with Foucault on I, Pierre Riviere) for the Italian weekly Panorama this discussion subsequently reappeared in Le Monde on July 7576, 7984. The translation is by Alan Sheridan. AF. Several years have gone by since La Volante de savoir. I know that your latest books have presented you with a number of problems and difficulties. I would like you to talk to me about those difficulties and about this voyage into the GrecoRoman world, which was, though not unknown to you, at least unfamiliar. FOUCAULT The difficulties derived from the project itself, which was intended precisely to avoid them. By programming my work over several volumes according to a plan laid down in advance, I was telling myself that the time had now come when I could write them without difficulty, and simply unwind what was in my head, confirming it by empirical research. I very nearly died of boredom writing those books: they were too much like the earlier ones. For some people, writing 48 SelfPortraits a book is always a risk the risk, for instance, of not pulling AF. In a piece that appE it off. When you know in advance where you're going to end 1983, you speak, in relation to up there's a whole dimension of experience lacking, namely, towards ethics and of moralitiE the risk attached to writing a book that may not come off. So I the same distinction as that be changed the general plan: instead of studying sexuality on the and those that emerge with C borders of knowledge and power, I have tried to go further FOUCAULT With Christial back, to find out how, for the subject himself, the experience gradual shift in relation to the of his sexuality as desire had been constituted. In trying to were essentially a practice, a s; disentangle this problematic, I was led to examine certain very had also been certain norms c ancient Latin and Greek texts. This required a lot of individual's behavior. But the preparation, a lot of effort, and left me right up to the end the search for an ethics of exist with a lot of uncertainties and hesitations. an attempt to affirm one's libel A.F. There is always a certain "intentionality" in your a certain form in which om works that often eludes the reader. Histoire de la folie was recognized by others, and whi really the history of the constitution of that branch of an example. knowledge known as psychology; Les Mots et les choses was the This elaboration of one's _ archaeology of the human sciences; Surveiller et punir was art, even if it obeyed certain about the installation of the disciplines of the body and soul. centre, it seems to me, of m· It would seem that what is at the center of your recent works morality in Antiquity, where is what you call "truth games." religion of the text, the idea of . FOUCAULT I don't think there is a great difference obedience, morality took on in_ between these books and the earlier ones. When you write rules (only certain ascetic pracl books like these, you want very much to change what you the exercise of personal liberty think entirely and to find yourself at the end of it quite From Antiquity to Christie different from what you were at the beginning. Then you that was essentially the sean come to see that really you've changed relatively little. You morality as obedience to a s: may have changed your point of view, you've gone round interested in Antiquity it was and round the problem, which is still the same, namely, the reasons, the idea of a morality relations between the subject, truth, and the constitution of is now disappearing, has alre experience. I have tried to analyze how areas such as absence of morality correspond madness, sexuality, and delinquency may enter into a certain for an aesthetics of existence. play of the truth, and also how, through this insertion of AF. Has all the knowledg human practice, of behavior, in the play of truth, the subject about the body, sexuality, t himself is affected. That was the problem of the history of relationship with others, our b madness, of sexuality. FOUCAULT I can't help but AF. Doesn't this really amount to a new genealogy of whole series of things, eve morals? choices, around certain forms I FOUCAULT Not withstanding the solemnity of the title and the grandiose mark that Nietzsche has left on it, I'd say 1. "Usage des plaisirs et techniques de yes. [L.D.K.]. An Aesthetics of Existence 49 AF. In a piece that appeared in Le Debat in November 1983, you speak, in relation to Antiquity, of moralities turned towards ethics and of moralities turned towards codes.1 Is this the same distinction as that between GrecoRoman moralities and those that emerge with Christianity? FOUCAULT With Christianity, there occurred a slow, gradual shift in relation to the moralities of Antiquity, which were essentially a practice, a style of liberty. Of course, there had also been certain norms of behavior that governed each individual's behavior. But the will to be a moral subject and the search for an ethics of existence were, in Antiquity, mainly an attempt to affirm one's liberty and to give to one's own life a certain form in which one could recognize oneself, be recognized by others, and which even posterity might take as an example. This elaboration of one's own life as a personal work of art, even if it obeyed certain collective canons, was at the centre, it seems to me, of moral experience, of the will to morality in Antiquity, whereas in Christianity, with the religion of the text, the idea of the will of God, the principle of obedience, morality took on increaSingly the form of a code of rules (only certain ascetic practices were more bound up with the exercise of personal liberty). From Antiquity to Christianity, we pass from a morality
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