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                                                                       Exam	questions	on	solvent	extraction
  In	order	to	continue	enjoying	our	site,	we	ask	that	you	confirm	your	identity	as	a	human.	Thank	you	very	much	for	your	cooperation.	The	QnA	in	your	hand	solvent	extraction	questions	and	answers	primarily	meant	for	graduate	and	postgraduate	students	of	Chemistry	with	the	intention	that	they	could	show	better	performance	during	various
  competitive	examinations	and	interviews	held	for	Civil	and	Military	Services.	At	the	same	time	it	is	equally	useful	for	those	who	desire	to	be	well	informed	in	various	disciplines	of	chemistry.	Amongst	the	various	methods	of	separation,	solvent	extraction	also	called	as	liquid-liquid	extraction	is	considered	to	be	most	versatile	and	popular	method	of
  separation.	It	is	based	on	the	principle	that	a	solute	can	distribute	itself	in	a	certain	ratio	between	two	immiscible	or	partially	miscible	solvents	such	as	benzene,	water	or	chloroform.	Why	solvent	extraction	is	considered	as	a	useful	separation	technique?	The	main	reason	for	its	usefulness	is	that	separations	can	be	carried	out	on	macro-level	as	well	as
  on	micro-level.	Moreover,	one	does	not	need	any	sophisticated	apparatus	or	instrumentation	except	a	separatory	funnel.	What	are	the	applications	of	solvent	extraction?	This	technique	can	be	used	for	the	purpose	of	preparation.	purification,	enrichment,	separation	and	analysis	on	all	scales	of	working.It	is	an	elegant.	simple	and	rapid	technique.	What
  is	Nerst	distribution	law?	When	a	solute	is	shaken	with	two	immiscible	solvents	1	and	2,	the	solute	distributes	itself	between	these	two	liquids	and	a	dynamic	equilibrium	is	established:	Where	A1,	and	A2,	are	the	concentrations	of	the	solute	A	in	solvent	1	and	2	respectively.	If	the	solute	exists	in	the	same	ionic	or	molecular	form	in	both	the	solvents.
  Nerst	law	states	that	Where	KD,	is	a	constant	at	a	particular	temperature	known	as	distribution	or	partition	constant.	What	are	the	limitations	of	the	distribution	law?	1.			The	two	solvents	should	be	immiscible.	2.			The	solutions	should	be	dilute.	3.			Molecular	state	of	the	solute	should	be	same	in	beth	the	phases.	Write	the	formula	if	solute	undergoes
  association	in	one	of	the	phases?	When	a	solute	undergoes	association	in	one	of	the	phases,	then	the	distribution	law	is	written	as	What	is	distribution	ratio	(D)?	In	the	practical	applications	of	solvent	extraction	we	are	not	interested	whether	the	solute,	in	any	of	the	solvent,	is	in	the	association	or	dissociated	form,	but	our	primary	interest	is	to	know
  the	fraction	of	total	solute	in	one	or	the	other	solvent.	Hence	the	term	distribution	ratio	(D)	or	extraction	coefficient	(F)	is	used	which	is	given	by.	Where	(CA)1	=	total	concentration	of	A	in	solvent	1.												(CA)2	=	total	concentration	of	A	in	solvent	2	Mention	one	important	analytical	application	of	solvent	extraction?	The	most	important	type	of
  analytical	application	of	solvent	extraction	involves	metal	chelates	which	are	readily	soluble	in	organic	solvents	but	only	sparingly	soluble	in	water.	For	example,	by	adding	dimethylglyoxime	to	an	aqueous	solution	of	Ni(11)	at	pH	between	5-12,	nickel	dimethylglyoxime	is	quantitatively	precipitated	which	can	be	extracted	with	chloroform.	The	red
  solution	in	chloroform	so	obtained	is	examined	photometrically	and	the	amount	of	Ni	present	in	the	sample	solution	can	be	determined.	Briefly	discuss	various	techniques	of	extraction?	The	two	liquids	may	be	brought	in	contact	with	one	another	discretely	or	continuously,	giving	rise	to	three	common	ways	of	carrying	out	an	extraction.	These	are:
  Batch	Extraction.		In	batch	extraction,	a	liquid	(usually	H2O)	containing	the	dissolved	solute	sample	is	shaken	with	another	liquid	(usually	organic)	in	a	closed	container	until	equilibrium	has	been	established.	The	two	immiscible	phases	are	allowed	to	settle	and	separated	mechanically.	When	the	value	of	D	for	the	desired	compound	is	greater	that	10
  and	considerably	different	from	other	components	of	the	mixture,	a	batch	extraction	is	preferred.	Continuous	Extraction.		The	continuous	extraction	is	used	when	the	distribution	ratio	is	relatively	small	(D
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