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Cultivation of viruses • Virologists need to be able to produce the objects of their study, so a wide range of procedures has been developed for cultivating viruses. Virus cultivation is also referred to as propagation or growth. • Phages are supplied with bacterial cultures, plant viruses may be supplied with specially cultivated plants or with cultures of protoplasts (plant cells from which the cell wall has been removed), while animal viruses may be supplied with whole organisms, such as mice, eggs containing chick embryos(figure 2-1) or insect larvae. For the most part, however, animal viruses are grown in cultured animal cells. Animal cell culture Animal cell culture techniques are well developed and most of the cells used are from continuous cell lines derived from humans and other animal species. Continuous cell lines consist of cells that have been immortalized, either in the laboratory or in the body (Figure 2.2); they can be sub cultured indefinitely. • The HeLa cell line is a widely used continuous cell line that was initiated in the middle of the 20th century from cells taken from a cervical carcinoma. Sometimes it is difficult to find a cell line in which a virus can replicate. For many years no suitable cell culture system could be found for hepatitis C virus, but eventually a human hepatoma cell line was found to support replication of an isolate of the virus.
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