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picture1_The Environment Pdf 55570 | Environment Contents


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File: The Environment Pdf 55570 | Environment Contents
pmfias com environment detailed breakdown of contents solved environment prelims questions 2011 15 ecological niche 2011 2012 functions of ecosystem 2013 ecological succession 2014 primary succession 2015 secondary succession environment ...

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                 Pmfias.com Environment:  Detailed Breakdown of Contents 
       Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15)          Ecological Niche 
          2011-2012                                            Functions Of Ecosystem 
          2013                                                 Ecological Succession 
          2014                                                   Primary Succession 
          2015                                                   Secondary Succession 
       Environment                                               Difference Between Primary and Secondary 
       Habitat                                                   Succession 
          Difference between Habitat and Environment?            Autogenic and Allogenic Succession 
       Biosphere                                                 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession 
       Ecosystem                                                 Succession in Plants 
          Difference Between Ecology, Environment &              Succession in Water 
          Ecosystem                                            Homeostasis 
       Components of an Ecosystem                                Regulate 
          Abiotic Components                                     Conform 
            Limiting factor 
            Effect Of Abiotic Components On Terrestrial Primary  Migrate 
            Producers – Plants                                   Suspend 
          Biotic Components                                    Homeostasis in Ecosystem 
       Ecology                                                 Functions Of Ecosystem 
          Levels Of Organizations In Ecology                   Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem – Trophic 
          Principles of Ecology                                Levels 
            Adaptation                                         Food Chain 
            Variation                                            Types of Food Chains 
            Speciation                                             Grazing food chain 
            Mutation                                               Detritus food chain 
            Natural Selection                                  Food Web 
            Evolution                                          Biotic Interaction 
            Extinction                                           Amensalism 
       Ecotone                                                   Predation 
          Characteristics of Ecotone 
                                                                 Parasitism 
          Edge Effect – Edge Species 
        
         
          Competition                                               Biomes or Terrestrial Ecosystems 
          Commensalism                                                Tundra Biome 
          Mutualism                                                   Taiga or Boreal Biome 
          Neutralism                                                  Temperate Deciduous Biome [North Western 
        Ecological Pyramids                                           Europe] 
          Pyramid of Numbers                                          Temperate Rainforest Biome 
             Pyramid of numbers – upright                             Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, 
             Pyramid of numbers - inverted                            South Eastern USA 
          Pyramid of Biomass                                          Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome 
             Pyramid of Biomass – Upright                             Temperate Deciduous Biome [Mediterranean 
             Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted 
                                                                      Region] 
          Pyramid of Energy 
                                                                      Tropical Deciduous Biome [Monsoon Climate] 
          Ecological Efficiency 
                                                                      Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome 
          Limitations of Ecological Pyramids 
                                                                      Tropical Rain Forest Biome 
        Pollutants And Trophic Level 
          Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC) or Organochloride            Desert Biome 
             Applications of CHC                                    Eutrophication – Algal Bloom 
             Effects of CHC                                           Effects of Eutrophication 
          Bioaccumulation                                             Mitigation of Eutrophication 
          Biomagnification                                          Harmful Algal Blooms 
        Biogeo Chemical Cycling or Nutrient Cycling                   Red Tide 
        Nutrient Cycles                                             Aquatic Ecosystems 
        Carbon Cycle [Gaseous Cycle]                                  Aquatic Organisms 
        Nitrogen Cycle [Gaseous Cycle]                                Factors Limiting the Productivity of Aquatic Habitats 
          Nitrogen Fixing – Nitrogen to Ammonia (N  to NH ) 
                                                  2      3              Sunlight 
          Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrates                           Dissolved oxygen 
          Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to Ammonia                   Temperature 
          Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen                       Lake Ecology 
                                                                        Ageing of Lakes 
        Phosphorus Cycle [Sedimentary cycle]                        Wetland Ecosystem 
        Sulphur Cycle [Sedimentary cycle]                             Distinction from Lakes 
        Natural Ecosystem 
         
        
         Importance of Wetlands                            Human Modified Ecosystems and Environmental 
         Reasons for depletion                             Degradation 
                                                               Characteristics of human modified ecosystems 
         Mitigation                                          Agro ecosystems 
       Measures to Protect Wetlands                          Plantation Forest 
       Ramsar Convention on Wetlands                         Aquaculture 
         What is wetland 
                                                             Dams, Reservoirs And Diversions 
         COP 
                                                           Environmental Issues in Himalayas 
         Ramsar Site                                         Importance of Himalayan Region 
         The Montreux Record                                   Ecological Services 
         International Organization Partners                   Role in Indian climate 
                                                               Economic importance 
         Transboundary Ramsar Sites                          Degradation of Himalayan Environment 
         Criteria for Identification of Wetlands under Ramsar  Biotic pressure 
         Convention                                            Pollution and solid waste 
       Ramsar Sites in India                                   Hydroelectric power projects 
       Wetlands International                                  Urbanization to meet tourism demands 
                                                               Infrastructure development 
       National Wetlands Conservation Programme                Cultural/Pilgrimage Tourism 
       (NWCP)                                                  Deforestation 
       Estuarine Ecosystem                                     Climate change/global warming 
         Importance of Estuaries 
                                                             Initiatives to save Himalayan Environment 
         Differences between Lagoon and Estuary                Ban on Plastic in HP 
         Estuarine Vegetation                                  Participatory Conservation of Lakes in the Region 
       India Estuarine Ecosystem                               Assam Hill Land and Ecological Sites Act, 2006 
                                                               Sikkim's Ecotourism Policy 
         Issues of Indian Estuarine Ecosystem 
                                                             Measures That Can Be Taken to Protect Himalayan 
       Mangroves                                             Ecosystem 
         Mangroves in India                                    Harnessing Religious Sentiments for Conservation 
         Importance of Mangroves                               Promoting Ecotourism and Regulation of Commercial 
         Threats                                               Tourism 
       Environmental Degradation                           Soil erosion 
         Major Causes of Environmental Degradation           Water Erosion 
                                                               Raindrop erosion 
         Consequences of Environmental Degradation             Sheet erosion 
        
         
            Rill erosion                                                Sulphur dioxide (SO ) 
                                                                                        2
            Stream bank erosion                                         Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 
            Landslide                                                   Benzene and Ethylene 
            Coastal erosion                                             Tobacco Smoke 
            Consequences of water erosion                               Biological pollutants 
            Prevention of water erosion                                 Asbestos 
          Wind erosion                                                  Radon 
            Consequences of wind erosion                           Prevention and Control of air Pollution 
            Prevention of wind erosion                               Indoor Air Pollution 
          Soil Erosion Caused By Human Activities                       Prevention and control of indoor air pollution 
            Deforestation                                            Control of Industrial Pollution 
            Farming                                                     Filters 
            Overgrazing                                                 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) 
            Economic activities                                         Inertial collectors 
            Developmental activities                                    Scrubbers 
        Desertification                                                 Catalytic converter 
            Over Cultivation                                         Steps Taken to Control Vehicular Pollution 
            Overgrazing 
            Deforestation                                          Government Initiative 
            Salting due to Irrigation                                National Air Quality Monitoring Programme 
        Pollution                                                       National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 
        Air Pollution                                                National Air Quality Index (AQI) 
        Classification of Pollutants                               Smog 
          Particulate pollutants                                     Primary and secondary pollutants 
            Fly ash                                                Sulfurous smog 
            Lead 
            Metallic Oxides                                        Photochemical smog 
          Nanoparticles – NPs                                        Haze 
            Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment            Effects of Smog 
          Major Gaseous Air Pollutants, Their Sources &            Question: UPSC Mains 2015 
          Effects                                                  Ozone Hole – Ozone Depletion 
            Carbon monoxide (CO)                                     Halogen atoms like chlorine destroy ozone 
            Carbon dioxide (CO2)                                        But how does a chlorine atom reach to such high levels 
            Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)                                  of atmosphere? 
            Ozone (O ) 
                    3                                              Polar Vortex 
            Nitrogen oxide (NO ) 
                             x                                     Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) 
         
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