169x Filetype PDF File size 1.81 MB Source: pdf.usaid.gov
RESEARCH METHODS NOTES BY Dr. Hans Zuuring School of Forestry University of Montana Missoula, MT 9 USA AT PAKISTAN FORESTRY INSTITUTE PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN June 1992 Page Experimental Design .. .......... .... .. 34 Three Design Principles ... ........... 35 Experimentation Concepts .. .......... 35 Various Experimental Designs 1. Completely Randomized (C.R.D.) . ....... 36 Analysis of Variance Table ... ......... 36 ANOVA Example # 1 ..... .............. 37 2. Randomized Block (R.13.D.) ... .......... 39 3. Latin or GraecoLatin Square (L.S.) ..... ... 40 ANOVA Example i 2 ..... .............. 41 4. Factorials ...... ................. 43 ANOVA Example 3 .... ...... ........ 45 ANOVA Example 4 ,. ............. 47 5. Splitplot ...... ................. 49 ANOVA Example !t 5 ..... .............. 50 6. Nested or hierarchical ... ........... 53 ANOVA Example 1 6 ..... .............. 54 Homogeneity of Variance ... ............ 56 Bartlett's Test ..... ............... 56 MultipleComparison Procedures .. ......... 57 ChiSquare Tests ................ 59 ChiSquare Example .... ............. 60 Model Building ................. 61 Types of Models Steps in ..... ............... 61 Model Building ... ........... 61 Errors in Models ..... .............. 61 Mistaken Causality .... ............. 62 Examples of Models .... ............. 62 Model Building Methods .... ............. 62 Method of Least Squares ... ........... 63 Linear Regression Calculations . ....... 64 Regression Example .... ............ 65 Multiple Linear Regression .. ......... 68 All possible regressions .. ......... 68 Stepwise regression ... ........... 68 Forced fit ................ 69 Summary Statistics and Tests Nonlinear ........ 69 Regression ... ............ 70 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) . ........ 71 Manuscript Reviews ................ 72 Writing for Publication Some Writing .... .............. 74 Style Tips ... ............ 76 References ........ .................... 77 Appendix A : Z & ttest key ... ........... . 79 Tables 1 4 ........ .......... 83 Table of Contents Page General Definitions ......... ...... 1 Scientific Method Flowchart ..... . . . . . . . 2 Observation and Hypothesis Formulation ... ...... 2 Developing Research Programs ...... ........... 3 Problem Specification ....... ............. 3 Solution Identification ...... ........... 3 Project Outlines ........ ................ 4 Study Plans ...... .. .................. 4 Interprecations ........ ................ 4 Implementations ........ ................ 4 Research, Resource Scientists and Managers .... 5 Problem Identification ... .............. 5 Planning/Execution of a Research Problem .. ..... 6 Study Plan Model ......... ................. 7 Why Write a Study Plan ....... .............. 8 Study Plan Evaluation Standards ..... .......... 8 Measurement Scales ........ ................ 9 Clearing Up Confusing Terms ...... ............ 9 DATA COLLECTION Sampling Concepts ......... ................ 10 Various Sampling Designs .... ............. 11 A. Equal Probability Types Al. Simple Random Sampling ... ........... . 12 A2. Stratified Random Sampling .... ......... 12 A3. Systematic Sampling ... ............. 13 A4. Double Sampling ..... ............. 14 A5. Cluster Sampling .... .............. 15 B. Unequal Probablity Types Bl. Point (P.P.S.) Sampling .. .......... 16 Theoretical Development of BAF ... ....... 17 Volume Determination .... ............ 18 B2. 3P Sampling ..... .............. .. 20 B3. Line Intersection Method .. .......... 21 DATA ANALYSES Graphical ......... ..................... 23 Analytical ........ .................... 25 Description ....... .................. 26 Descriptive Statistics An example ..... . 30 Hypothesis Testing ..... ............... 31 Characteristics about Hypotheses . ...... 31 Truth Table ... ........................ 31 Relationship between a and B .. ........ 32 Hypothesis Testing Procedures .. ......... 32 Twosample ttest Example .. .......... 33 Page 1. General Definitions Science: a) The accumulation of knowledge about and the study of phenomena taking place in the physical universe by logic and objectivity. b) A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws. [what can be proved false] Philosophy: The rational investigation of truths, principles of being, knowledge or conduct, i.e. ethics, metaphysics, logic. [what can be argued about] LoQic: A science dealing with the investigation of principles governing correct or reliable inference (the deriving of a conclusion in logic by either induction or deduction) Deduction: a) The process of extracting specific facts or axioms from general principles or b) reasoning from a known principle to an unknown premise c) or abstracting from the general to the specific. Induction: The process of generalization of specific known facts to a larger universe or population. Scientific Method: A systematized, logical way of acquiring knowledge about natural processes and phenomena which occur in our world. It is characterized by objectivity and repeat ability. Research: The diligent, scholarly investigation or careful inquiry of objects, states, events or phenomena that are of in terest to society and scientists. Research may be basic or applied. The distinction between these two terms is related to the nature of the problem being solved, who is the immediate client and the time to completion and implementation. Other Methods of Arriving at Conclusions a) Tenacity: strongly holding on to facts or beliefs without regard to whether they are true or false. b) Authority: making reliable opinions based on one's great knowledge or experience. c) Intuition: perceiving or acquiring knowledge without conscious reasoning.
no reviews yet
Please Login to review.