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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES,
CLIMATE CHANGES, AND
ENERGY SECURITY IN
DEVELOPING ASIA
Benjamin K. Sovacool
NO. 399 ADB ECONOMICS
June 2014 WORKING PAPER SERIES
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Environmental Issues, Climate Changes, and Energy
Security in Developing Asia
Benjamin Sovacool Benjamin Sovacool is Associate Proessor at ermont a
School, and Proessor o Business and Social Sciences at
o 399 2014 Aarhus niversity
AsIAn deVeLoPMent BAnK
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, andaluyong City
1550 etro anila, Philippines
adorg
© 2014 y Asian Development Bank
une 2014
ISS 16555252
Pulication Stock o WPS146535
he vie
s epressed in this paper are those o the author and do not necessarily reflect the vie
s and
policies o the Asian Development Bank ADB or its Board o overnors or the governments they
represent
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy o the data included in this pulication and accepts no responsiility
or any conseuence o their use
By making any designation o or reerence to a particular territory or geographic area, or y using the
term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other
status o any territory or area
ote In this pulication, “$” reers to S dollars
he ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a orum or stimulating discussion and eliciting
eedack on ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken y the Asian
Development Bank ADB staff, consultants, or resource persons he series deals
ith key economic
and development prolems, particularly those acing the Asia and Pacific region as
ell as conceptual,
analytical, or methodological issues relating to project¡program economic analysis, and statistical
data and measurement he series aims to enhance the kno
ledge on Asia’s development and policy
challenges strengthen analytical rigor and uality o ADB’s country partnership strategies, and its
suregional and country operations and improve the uality and availaility o statistical data and
development indicators or monitoring development effectiveness
he ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a uickdisseminating, inormal pulication
hose titles
could suseuently e revised or pulication as articles in proessional journals or chapters in ooks
he series is maintained y the Economics and £esearch Department
Printed on recycled paper
CONTENTS
ABS£AC
I I£¤DCI¤ 1
II CIAE C¥AE 2
III AI£ P¤I¤ 5
I WAE£ ¦AI§ AD AAIABII§ 6
AD-SE C¥AE 8
I EI£¤EA IPAC ¤ª EE£§ EC¥¤¤§ ¤PI¤S 10
A Energy Efficiency 10
B uclear Po
er 11
C Shale as 11
D Conventional Coal 12
E Clean Coal 12
ª ¤il and atural as 13
¥ydroelectricity 14
¥ Wind Energy 14
I Solar Photovoltaics 15
Solar hermal 15
eothermal 15
Biomass 15
Biouels 16
II C¤CSI¤S 16
£EªE£ECES 18
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