TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
     Dr. L. R. Kadiyali
     B.E. (Hons.), (Bombay),
     P.G. Diploma in Highway and
     Traffic Engineering (Newcastle-Upon-Tyne), Ph.D. (Kakatiya University)
     Formerly Chief Engineer, (Roads Wig), Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi &
     Study Director, Road User Cost Study, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
     Price : ` 295.00
     Transportation Engineering Dr. L. R. Kadiyali
     Copyright © Khanna Book Publis hing Co. (P) Ltd.
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     ISBN:978-81-87325-72-7
     Edition: 2016
     Published by:
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     Preface
     India’s transport system has several deficiencies such as inadequate capacity, poor safety record,
     emission of pollutants and outmoded technology. But as the economy is poised for a big growth in the
     coming years, transportation engineers will have to come up with innovative ideas.
     The book addresses these issues and it is hoped that the engineering students studying transportation
     engineering will have a clear idea of the problems involved and how they can be overcome in their
     professional career. This book has been designed keeping in mind the latest syllabi of all major Indian
     Universities.
     Efforts have been made to include latest developments in different areas of transportation engineering
     and also minimise errors. The authors sincerely welcome constructive criticisms and suggestions for
     further improvement.
     DR. L. R. KADIYALI
     Contents
     SECTION—1: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND PLANNING
     1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3-4
     1.1. Common Terms and their Meaning ............................................................................................. 3
     1.2. Historical Evolution ...................................................................................................................... 3
     1.3. Role of Civil Engineers in Transportation Engineering ............................................................. 4
     1.4. Role of the Government in Transportation ................................................................................. 4
     2. Role of Transport in Society .......................................................................5–10
     2.1. Transport: A Vital Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 5
     2.2. Transport and Economy ............................................................................................................... 5
     2.3. Transport and Poverty Alleviation .............................................................................................. 6
     2.4. Transport and Urbanisation ........................................................................................................ 7
     2.5. Exploitation of Natural Resources ............................................................................................... 7
     2.6. Transport and Place Utility ......................................................................................................... 7
     2.7. Time Utility of Transport ............................................................................................................. 8
     2.8. Transport Bridges and Separation between the Producer and the Consumer .......................... 8
     2.9. Transport helps preserve the quality of perishable goods .......................................................... 8
     2.10. Transport Reduces the Cost of Goods ........................................................................................ 8
     2.11. Transport Accelerates Agricultural Development .................................................................... 8
     2.12. Transport and Tourism Promotion ............................................................................................ 8
     2.13. Transport Promotes Industrial Development ........................................................................... 8
     2.14. Transport is Vital for Defence and Strategic Needs ................................................................. 8
     2.15. Transport Facilitates International Trade ................................................................................ 9
     2.16. Transport Facilitates Administration of Vast Areas ................................................................ 9
     2.17. Transport Facilitates the Specialisation and Economies of Scale ........................................... 9
     2.18. Transport Influences Growth of Cities ........................................................................................
     2.19. Transport Facilitates, Evacuation and Relief Operations during Natural Disasters.............. 9
     References .............................................................................................................................................. 10
     3. Modes of Transport and Criteria for Choice ..........................................11–18
     3.1. Multiple Modes ............................................................................................................................ 11
     3.2. Important Modes currently available ........................................................................................ 11
     3.3. Criteria for Choice ....................................................................................................................... 12
     3.4. Speed ........................................................................................................................................... 12
     3.5. Adequacy ..................................................................................................................................... 13
     | vi | Transportation Engineering
     3.6. Frequency and Regularity .......................................................................................................... 15
     3.7. Safety ........................................................................................................................................... 15
     3.8. Environmental Impact ................................................................................................................ 16
     3.9. Responsibility .............................................................................................................................. 16
     3.10. Cost ............................................................................................................................................ 16
     3.11. Fuel Efficiency ........................................................................................................................... 16
     3.12. Employment Generation .......................................................................................................... 17
     3.13. Comfort ...................................................................................................................................... 18
     References ............................................................................................................................................. 18
     4. Transport Planning ......................................................................................19–34
     4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 19
     4.2. Inter-relationship between Land Use and Traffic .................................................................... 19
     4.3. Hierarchy of Transport Plans .................................................................................................... 19
     4.4. Systems Approach to Transport Planning ................................................................................ 20
     4.5. Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 20
     4.6. Time Horizon for Planning ......................................................................................................... 21
     4.7. States in the Transport Planning Process .................................................................................. 21
     4.8. Inventory, Survey and Analysis of existing Conditions ........................................................... 22
     4.9. Transportation Survey ............................................................................................................... 23
     4.10. Inventory of Transport Facilities ............................................................................................. 25
     4.11. Urban Transportation Planning Process (UTPP) .................................................................... 26
     4.12. Trip Generation ........................................................................................................................ 27
     4.13. Trip Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 28
     4.14. Trip Assignment ....................................................................................................................... 32
     4.15. Model Split ................................................................................................................................ 33
     4.16. Evaluation ................................................................................................................................. 34
     References ............................................................................................................................................. 34
     SECTION—2: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
     5. History of Growth of Highways ................................................................37–39
     References ............................................................................................................................................. 39
     6. Development of Roads in India After Independence ..........................40–44
     References .............................................................................................................................................. 44