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picture1_Extraction Of Iron Pdf 179294 | Extraction Of Metals


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File: Extraction Of Iron Pdf 179294 | Extraction Of Metals
digitalteachers co ug o level chemistry general principles of extraction of metals occurrence of elements in nature elements occur in two state 1 native or free especially less reactive au ...

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                      Cambridge​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry 
                                                   
                                  Topic​ ​10:​ ​Metals 
                                      Extraction​ ​of​ ​metals  
                                               Notes 
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                                    www.pmt.education
                Describe​ ​the​ ​ease​ ​in​ ​obtaining​ ​metals​ ​from​ ​their​ ​ores​ ​by​ ​relating​ ​the 
                elements​ ​to​ ​the​ ​reactivity​ ​series  
                 
                   ● The​ ​second​ ​to​ ​last​ ​element​ ​in​ ​the​ ​reactivity​ ​series​ ​is​ ​gold,​ ​since​ ​it​ ​is​ ​very 
                      unreactive,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​found​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Earth​ ​as​ ​the​ ​metal​ ​itself 
                   ● But,​ ​most​ ​metals​ ​are​ ​found​ ​as​ ​compounds​ ​that​ ​require​ ​chemical​ ​reactions​ ​to 
                      extract​ ​the​ ​metal  
                   ● Metals​ ​less​ ​reactive​ ​than​ ​carbon: 
                         o Can​ ​be​ ​extracted​ ​from​ ​their​ ​oxides​ ​by​ ​reduction​ ​with​ ​carbon 
                         o Don’t​ ​forget:​ ​reduction​ ​involves​ ​the​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​oxygen 
                 
                (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Describe,​ ​in​ ​outline,​ ​the​ ​extraction​ ​of​ ​zinc​ ​from​ ​zinc​ ​blende 
                 
                   ● Zinc​ ​sulfide​ ​is​ ​turned​ ​into​ ​zinc​ ​oxide​ ​by​ ​heating  
                   ● Zinc​ ​oxide​ ​is​ ​either​ ​reduced​ ​by​ ​carbon​ ​monoxide​ ​or​ ​it​ ​is​ ​dissolved​ ​in​ ​sulfuric​ ​acid 
                      and​ ​then​ ​electrolysed  
                 
                Describe​ ​and​ ​state​ ​the​ ​essential​ ​reactions​ ​in​ ​the​ ​extraction​ ​of​ ​iron​ ​from 
                hematite  
                 
                In​ ​the​ ​blast​ ​furnace​ ​(very​ ​high​ ​temperatures)​ ​iron​ ​oxide​ ​is​ ​reduced​ ​with​ ​carbon: 
                   ● Iron​ ​ore,​ ​coke​ ​and​ ​limestone​ ​are​ ​added​ ​into​ ​a​ ​blast​ ​furnace  
                   ● Hot​ ​air​ ​enters​ ​from​ ​bottom​ ​and​ ​goes​ ​to​ ​top​ ​of​ ​furnace  
                   ● Oxygen​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​coke​ ​to​ ​form​ ​CO​ ,​ ​which​ ​reacts​ ​again​ ​with​ ​coke​ ​to​ ​form​ ​CO 
                                                    2​
                   ● CO​ ​is​ ​a​ ​reducing​ ​agent,​ ​turning​ ​iron​ ​oxide​ ​into​ ​iron  
                   ● Some​ ​carbon​ ​will​ ​also​ ​reduce​ ​the​ ​iron​ ​oxide​ ​to​ ​iron 
                   ● Molten​ ​iron​ ​runs​ ​to​ ​the​ ​bottom​ ​of​ ​the​ ​furnace​ ​and​ ​then​ ​runs​ ​off  
                 
                Describe​ ​the​ ​conversion​ ​of​ ​iron​ ​into​ ​steel​ ​using​ ​basic​ ​oxides​ ​and​ ​oxygen  
                 
                   ● Carbon​ ​is​ ​removed​ ​from​ ​molten​ ​iron​ ​by​ ​blowing​ ​oxygen​ ​into​ ​it  
                   ● Oxygen​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​carbon​ ​→​ ​carbon​ ​monoxide​ ​+​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide  
                         ○ Both​ ​gases​ ​escape​ ​from​ ​the​ ​iron 
                   ● Sufficient​ ​oxygen​ ​is​ ​used​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​steel​ ​with​ ​the​ ​desired​ ​carbon​ ​content  
                 
                Know​ ​that​ ​aluminium​ ​is​ ​extracted​ ​from​ ​the​ ​ore​ ​bauxite​ ​by​ ​electrolysis  
                   ● Extraction​ ​by​ ​electrolysis​ ​(including​ ​aluminium) 
                         ○ Metals​ ​that​ ​are​ ​more​ ​reactive​ ​than​ ​carbon​ ​e.g​ ​aluminium​ ​are​ ​extracted 
                            by​ ​electrolysis​ ​of​ ​molten​ ​compounds. 
                         ○ Metals​ ​that​ ​react​ ​with​ ​carbon​ ​can​ ​be​ ​extracted​ ​by​ ​electrolysis​ ​as​ ​well 
                 
                 
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             (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Describe​ ​in​ ​outline,​ ​the​ ​extraction​ ​of​ ​aluminium​ ​from 
             bauxite​ ​including​ ​the​ ​role​ ​of​ ​cryolite​ ​and​ ​the​ ​reactions​ ​at​ ​the​ ​electrodes  
              
                ● aluminium​ ​extraction: 
                     ○ aluminium​ ​oxide​ ​is​ ​dissolved​ ​in​ ​molten​ ​cryolite​ ​(means​ ​electrolysis​ ​can 
                       happen​ ​at​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​temperature) 
                               3+​
                     ○ cathode-​ ​Al​ ​ ​ions​ ​gain​ ​electrons​ ​and​ ​are​ ​reduced​ ​to​ ​Al​ ​(s) 
                             2-​
                     ○ anode-​ ​O​ ​ ​loses​ ​electrons​ ​and​ ​is​ ​oxidised​ ​to​ ​O​ ​ ​(g) 
                                                      2​
                     ○ anodes​ ​must​ ​be​ ​replaced​ ​regularly​ ​(oxygen​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​the​ ​graphite) 
              
             Discuss​ ​the​ ​advantages​ ​and​ ​disadvantages​ ​of​ ​recycling​ ​metals,​ ​limited​ ​to 
             iron/steel​ ​and​ ​aluminium  
              
                ● advantages​ ​of​ ​recycling: 
                     ○ Requires​ ​less​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​melt​ ​and​ ​remould​ ​metals​ ​than​ ​it​ ​does​ ​to​ ​extract 
                       new​ ​metals​ ​from​ ​their​ ​ores 
                     ○ fewer​ ​quarries​ ​and​ ​mines​ ​needed​ ​than​ ​to​ ​extract​ ​metals,​ ​so​ ​less​ ​noise 
                       and​ ​dust​ ​pollution 
                     ○ Recycling​ ​allows​ ​for​ ​waste​ ​metals​ ​to​ ​be​ ​reused,​ ​saving​ ​money,​ ​helping 
                       the​ ​environment​ ​and​ ​the​ ​supply​ ​of​ ​valuable​ ​raw​ ​materials. 
                ● disadvantages​ ​of​ ​recycling: 
                     ○ Requires​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​transport​ ​metals​ ​to​ ​recycling​ ​centre 
                     ○ metals​ ​must​ ​be​ ​sorted​ ​into​ ​types  
                     ○ for​ ​different​ ​metals,​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​energy​ ​saved​ ​varies 
              
                               www.pmt.education
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...Digitalteachers co ug o level chemistry general principles of extraction metals occurrence elements in nature occur two state native or free especially less reactive au ag cu pt combined generally the as oxides sulphide phosphates silicates carbonates chlorides and nitrates minerals ores are compound which found earth present have a chemical composition structure those from can be extracted economically conveniently thus all not but methods method depends on metal s position electrochemical series i e potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon zinc iron copper above by electrolysis while below reduction with monoxide sponsored science foundation college it is manufactured fused chloride downs cell mpt c at first there were four difficulties was expensive to keep electrolyte over ii molten corrosive iii fairly soluble its iv vapor pressure very high about atmosphere mmhg overcome adding form mixture that melts cheaper maintain this temperature non almost insoluble gauze cylinde...

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