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Educational Management
Administration & Leadership
http://ema.sagepub.com
The Study of Educational Leadership and Management: Where Does the Field
Stand Today?
Ronald H. Heck and Philip Hallinger
Educational Management Administration Leadership 2005; 33; 229
DOI: 10.1177/1741143205051055
The online version of this article can be found at:
http://ema.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/2/229
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Citations http://ema.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/33/2/229
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ARTICLE
Educational Management Administration & Leadership
ISSN 1741-1432 DOI: 10.1177/1741143205051055
SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi)
Copyright © 2005 BELMAS Vol 33(2) 229–244; 051055
The Study of Educational Leadership and
Management
Where Does the Field Stand Today?
Ronald H.Heck and Philip Hallinger
ABSTRACT
This article comments on the state of research in educational leadership and
management as a field of study between 1990 and the present. We discuss the role of
research reviews and compendia in the field as a means of identifying past trends,
current dilemmas, and future directions for scholarship. We conclude five major points.
First, today there is less agreement about the significant problems that scholars should
address than in past years. Second, scholarly directions seem to be changing, as an
increasing number of scholars are approaching educational leadership and
management as a humanistic and moral endeavor rather than a scientific one. Third,
although there are more diverse and robust methodological tools available for inquiry,
programs of sustained empirical research are few in number. Fourth, a reluctance to
evaluate the worth of contrasting conceptual and methodological approaches according
to an accepted set of scholarly criteria leaves researchers, policy-makers and
practitioners to fall back upon individual judgments of what is useful and valid
knowledge. Finally, a lack of empirical rigor in the field continues to impact the
development of a future generation of researchers.
KEYWORDS educational administration scholarship, headteachers, principals, research on
principals, school leaders
Reviews of research are useful tools for identifying trends in knowledge
development, understanding emerging issues in the field of practice, and
critiquing methods used by scholars. Over the past five decades of its develop-
ment as a theoretically informed domain of study, the field of educational
management and leadership has benefited from a number of useful reviews of
research (e.g. Bossert et al., 1982; Boyan, 1988; Bridges, 1982; Erickson, 1967;
Getzels, 1973, 1980; Hallinger, 2003; Hallinger and Heck, 1996a, b, 1999;
Haskew, 1964; Heck and Hallinger, 1999; Immegart, 1988; Leithwood and Mont-
gomery, 1982; Leithwood et al., 1990; Lipham, 1988; Murphy, 1988; Ribbins and
Gunter, 2002; Richmon and Allison, 2003; Southworth, 2002; Tatsuoka and
229
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Educational Management Administration & Leadership 33(2)
Silver, 1988; Willower and Forsyth, 1999). Although the topics of educational
management and leadership have generated a great deal of scholarly interest
internationally over the years, reviewers have generally suggested it has not
been an area given to rigorous empirical investigation and knowledge accumu-
lation (Bridges, 1982; Erickson, 1967).
The purpose of this article is to comment on educational leadership and
management as a field of study, focusing especially on the past 10 years. We
look at the field more broadly than in our past reviews of principal leadership.
Our goals in this review are to describe changes in scholarly direction as well
as to discuss whether cumulative progress noted in the principal effects litera-
ture that we documented previously (Hallinger and Heck, 1996a, b) reflects
progress in the field more generally.1
The State of Research in Educational Leadership and
Management
Interest in what managers do (e.g. work activities, decision-making, problem
solving, resource allocation) and what they do that makes a difference (e.g.
leading change, promoting organizational learning, influencing organizational
processes and outcomes) have long captured the attention of scholars (Bass and
Avolio, 1994; Burns, 1978; Glatter and Kydd, 2003; Payne, 1875; Senge, 1990;
Simon, 1945; Taylor, 1895; Yukl, 1994). Researchers in educational management
and leadership have borrowed liberally from scholars who became identified
with theories of scientific management, human relations, transformational
leadership, and organizational learning during the 20th century. Prior to 1950,
however, the knowledge base in administration generally and educational
administration in particular was not derived from empirical studies. The field’s
disciplinary practices focused on stories told by former administrators and their
prescriptions for practice based on personal experience. Concerns were raised
in the 1930s and 1940s that educational management was faulty, unimagina-
tive, and out of step with community desires (Moore, 1964).
Beginning in the 1950s, the ‘theory movement in educational administration’
focused attention on the need to improve scholarly activity through the appli-
cation of scientific principles based on empiricism rather than ideological
belief, personal experience, and prescription (Getzels et al., 1968; Griffiths et
al., 1964; Halpin, 1958). Theoretically driven scientific inquiry would consist of
well-delineated means of defining and addressing phenomena, sound research
methods to support inquiry, and the creation of a comprehensive body of
knowledge that could be applied to problems of practice and inform the initial
preparation and professional development of school administrators (Griffiths et
al., 1964).
The promise of a scientific knowledge base underlying the practice of
educational administration, however, was not easily achieved. Over the ensuing
decades, the intellectual underpinnings, methods of inquiry, and utility of
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Heck & Hallinger: Where Does the Field Stand?
empirical results of the theory movement came under harsh criticism from
scholars operating with a different paradigm (Bates, 1980; Greenfield, 1968,
1978). Bates and Greenfield claimed that behaviorist approaches based on quan-
titative analyses were ill-suited to understanding social constructions of school
life. Moreover, they failed to consider how contextual, moral, and ethical issues
influence administrators’ thinking and actions.
Critics concluded that the functionalist and social psychological (behaviorist)
paradigms used to understand educational management had yielded limited
fruit. For example, Erickson (1967) reviewed empirical studies in educational
administration conducted during the 1950s and 1960s and found no evidence
of progress on important issues. Fifteen years later, Bridges sought to update
Erickson’s findings. He concluded:
Research on school administrators for the period 1967–1980 reminds one of the
dictum: ‘The more things change, the more they remain the same’ . . . Although
researchers apparently show a greater interest in outcomes than was the case in the
earlier period, they continue their excessive reliance on survey designs, question-
naires of dubious reliability and validity, and relatively simplistic types of statistical
analysis. Moreover these researchers persist in treating research problems in an ad
hoc rather than a programmatic fashion. . . . Despite the rather loose definition of
theory that was used in classifying the sample of research . . . , most of it proved to
be atheoretical. Likewise the research seemed to have little or no practical utility.
(1982: 24–5)
Coincidentally, this scathing critique on the field appeared in the same issue
of the Educational Administration Quarterly as another, more narrowly focused,
review on principal instructional management (Bossert et al., 1982). Where
Bridges’s (1982) review focused on describing approaches to research that
characterized the field, the Bossert review laid out a conceptual framework for
inquiry and drew a more optimistic set of conclusions concerning the possi-
bilities of progress. The reviews documented the need to shift inquiry from
descriptions of educational managers’ work and explorations of the antecedents
of their behavior to the effects and impact of what they do in managing and
leading schools.
In the mid-1990s, we undertook a review of empirical research on principal
leadership effects, with the broader goal of updating Bridges’s and Bossert’s
reviews (Hallinger and Heck, 1996a, b). We found significantly more empirical
research in this domain than in previous years, as well as evidence of progress
towards higher levels of scientific quality. We concluded that at least some of
the key weaknesses noted by the earlier reviewers were being addressed by
researchers. This was especially apparent during the latter years covered by our
reviews (i.e. the mid-1990s). For example, we noted the wider use of well-
delineated conceptual models describing ways educational managers influence
school processes and outcomes (e.g. Begley, 1996; Gronn and Ribbins, 1996;
Hallinger et al., 1996; Heck et al., 1990; Leithwood, 1994; Leithwood and Stager,
1989; Marks and Printy, 2003; Ogawa and Bossert, 1995) and more sophisticated
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