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File: Classroom Pdf 156659 | Cats Angelo Cross
patricia k by thomas a angelo and cross handbookfor teachers from assessment techniques a college 2nd ed classroom 1 fundamental questions to two how well are in the 1990 s ...

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                                                                          Patricia
                                                                       K. 
                                              By Thomas A. Angelo and            Cross 
                                                                    Handbookfor         Teachers,
                            From            Assessment Techniques, A             College         2nd Ed. 
                                  Classroom
                                                                                                    (1) 
                                                                             fundamental questions: 
                                                                      to two                            How well are 
              In the 1990's,            reformers are seeking answers 
                            educational
                                     (2)                             teaching? Classroom Research 
                       learning?        How              are teachers                              and Classroom 
              students           and          effectively 
                                                                   learning and more effective teaching. Classroom 
                                                       about better 
              Assessment respond           to concerns 
                                   directly 
                                                                    to become more systematic and sensitive 
                        was                         college teachers 
              Research      developed to encourage 
                                              place                  classrooms. Faculty have     exceptional 
              observers of learning as it takes     every day in their                         an 
                                                                                                                to 
                                                                for    study of learning and through such study 
              opportunity to use their classrooms aslaboratories   the 
                                                            process     the impact                       it. 
                                                   learning         and            of their teaching upon   Classroom 
              develop a better understanding of the 
                                                                      involves                      in 
              Assessment,major                   Classroom Research,           student and teachers  the continuous 
                           a       component of 
                                                                      feedback             effectivenessas teachers, 
                                                 provides faculty with          about their 
              monitoring             learning. It 
                          of students' 
                                                     progress             Most important, because Classroom 
              and it givesstudents a measure of their         aslearners.
                                                                                             questions            and 
                                                                   by teachers themselves on           of teaching 
                                                     and analyzed 
              Assessmentsare created, administered, 
                                                                               will      the results of the assessment 
                                                                    instructors    apply
                                                     likelihood that 
                                                  the 
              learning that are important to them, 
                                      greatly
                           teaching is       enhances. 
              to their own 
                                                                                                                 on 
                                                                                               frequent feedback 
                                                          process learning, the collection of 
                                                    in the         of 
                                         of students 
              Through close observation 
                                                                                                    much        how 
                                                                                              learn       about
                                                                    experiments, teachers can 
                                                  modest classroom 
                                                of 
                       learning, and the design 
              students'
                                                                            particular                     Classroom 
                                                                         to           teaching approaches. 
                                                                 respond
                                                   how students 
                       learn and, more specifically, 
              students
                                                                                                                well 
                                                                                                           how 
                                                                         feedback    what, how much, and 
                                                                  useful          on 
                                                   teachers obtain 
              Assessment helps individual college 
                                                                                                      to help students 
                                                                  informationto refocus their teaching 
                                                              this 
                                                     then use 
                                learning. Faculty can 
              their students are 
                                  more           andmore effective. 
              make their learning       efficient 
                                                                                                             teach 
                                                                                               were trying to 
                                                                       were learning what they 
                                                              students
                                                     that their 
              Collegeinstructors who have assumed 
                                                                                             grade      and term 
                                                                                  when they        tests
                                                                      the contrary 
                                                                   to 
                                                          evidence
                                 faced with disappointing 
                    are regularly 
              them 
                                                                                                        gaps, 
                                                                                              There are 
                                                                      aswell as was expected. 
                                                             much or 
                                                   learned as 
              papers.                     havenot 
                      Too often, students 
                                                                                                             faculty 
                                                                                                 By the time 
                                                                          what has      learned.
                                                          was taught and           been
                                                     what 
                                       ones, between 
                          considerable
               sometimes
                                                                                                    problems. 
                                                                                  late to remedy the 
                                                                it is frequently too 
                           gaps                 understanding,
              notice these      in knowledge or 
                                                                                                         throughout 
                                                                                        monitor learning 
                                                                    need better ways to 
                                                       and students 
                                                faculty 
                                      surprises,
               To avoid such unhappy 
                                                                                                           learning. 
                                                                                                    student
                                                                    flow of accurate information on 
                                                  needa continuous 
                                         teachers
               the semester. Specifically, 
                                                                                                               then 
                                                                      points                        the course, 
                                                                learn            through"Z" during 
                                         goal      help students            "A" 
                            if                is to 
               For example,  a teacher's 
                                                                                      point          as the course 
                                                                            starting at         and,
                                                                  are really 
                                                          students                          "A" 
                                              whether all 
                           needs first to know 
               that teacher 
                                                                pointS                          andso on. To ensure 
                                                   intermediate                           "'VV',"
              proceeds, whether       have reached                     "8," "G," "L," "R," 
                                 they
                                                                                                   points      and 
                                                                   whenthe syllabus has arrived at        "M" 
                                                    to test students 
                           learning, it is not enough 
               high­quality 
                                                                                                  learning at those 
                                                                            how well students are 
                                                               for checking 
                                             particularly useful 
                              Assessment is 
               "2." Classroom 
                                                                                                           is less than 
                                                                                            when learning 
                                                                           for improvement 
                                      points,        providing information 
                         intermediate        andfor 
               initial and 
               satisfactory. 
                                                                                                   andpromote 
                                                                          better able to understand 
                        practice                           faculty become 
                                              Assessment,
               Through          in Classroom 
                                                                                                       self­assessing, 
                                                                                        more effective, 
                                                                    themselvesbecome
                                                   help     students
                                                 to     the
               learning,    increase their ability 
                        and
                                                                                              is to empower both 
                                                           purpose Classroom Assessment 
                                            put,    central         of 
               self­directed learners. Simply    the
                                                                           in 
                                                        quality   learning   the classroom. 
                                                    the         of 
                                         to improve 
               teachers and their students 
                                                                              find    what          arelearningin the 
                                                              to help teachers     out      students
                                                     designed
                                      is   approach
                          Assessment an 
               Classroom
                                                                         has the following 
                                                        it. This approach                  characteristics: 
                                                learning
                             how well they are 
               classroom and 
                   .   Learner­Centered 
                                                                                                                 and 
                                                          primary          of teachers and students on observing 
                                                      the         attention
                                              focuses
                                  Assessment
                       Classroom
                                                                       improving                       Assessmentcan 
                                                                   and            teaching. Classroom 
                                                      on observing 
                       improving learning, rather than 
                                                                                                           learning. 
                                                                         in making                improve 
                                              guide             students            adjustments to 
                       provide                      teachers and 
                               information to 
                     o  Teacher­Directed 
                                                                                                            judgement
                         Classroom                                      academic freedom,      professional            of 
                                    Assessment respects the autonomy,                      and
                                                                       what to         how                how  respond 
                         college faculty. The individual teacher decides       assess,      to assess, and     to 
                                           gained
                         to    information                                 Also, the        is not        to share the 
                           the                    through the assessment.           teacher       obliged
                         result                                              the
                               of            Assessmentwith anvone outside       classroom. 
                                 Classroom
                     o  Mutually Beneficial 
                                                                                                     participation
                         Because                                      Assessmentrequires the active               of 
                                  it is focused  learning, Classroom 
                                              on 
                                                                         reinforce      grasp                      and 
                                                                 students          their      of the course content 
                         students. By cooperating in assessment, 
                                                                                                                      that 
                                                                       Their motivation is increased when they reahze 
                         strengthen                 at self­assessment. 
                                    their own skills 
                                                                              learners.
                         faculty                           in              as          Faculty              their teaching 
                                are interested    invested    their success                    also sharpen 
                                              and
                         focus                                        questions:       are                    and 
                                                     themselves three                      the essential skills 
                               by continually asking                             "What 
                                                                      I find out whether            learning them?" 
                         knowledge I am           Teach?"         can                   students are 
                                         trying to         "How 
                                                                As          work          with         to answer these 
                                   I help         learn better?"    teachers      closely      students
                               can        sfudents
                         "How 
                         questions,                                      gainnew 
                                                               skills and          insights. 
                                        improve       teaching
                                   they          their
                     .   Formative 
                                                                           quality                     not   provide 
                                                  purpose               the                  learning,    to 
                         Classroom Assessment's           is to improve            of student 
                                                                                                     graded
                                                   grading               assessmentis         never         and are 
                                                                     The               almost
                         evidence for evaluating           students.
                                                 or 
                         almost always 
                                       anonyrnous. 
                     r   Context­Specific 
                                                                        particular
                                                                                  needs                    of the 
                                                         respond to the                 and characteristics 
                         Classroom Assessments have to 
                                                                                                       in          will 
                                                                         are applied. What works well    one class 
                                                           to which they 
                         teachers,         and disciplines 
                                  students,
                         not 
                             necessary work in another. 
                     .   Ongoing 
                                                                                                                       of 
                                                              process,      thought                      maintenance
                         Classroom Assessment is an ongoing            best         of as the creating and 
                                                                  number of simple             AssessmentTechniques 
                         a classroom            loop."By using a                    Classroom
                                     "feedback
                                 quick                          get          from                                    then 
                         that are                      teachers     feedback       students on their learning. Faculty 
                                       and easy to use, 
                                              providing 
                         complete     loop               students with feedback on the results      assessmentand 
                                   the     by                                                 of the 
                         suggestions                         To        on the usefulness                     faculfy use 
                                     for improving learning.    check                   of their suggestions, 
                         Classroom Assessment          continuing the           loop." As the           becomes 
                                                again,                "feedback               approach
                         integrated                                       communications                           and 
                                   into everyday            activities, the                loop connecting faculty 
                                                  classroom ­­
                                  ­­                                      more
                         students                    learnine   becomes        efficient and more effective. 
                                    and teachins and 
                     r   Rooted
                                 in      Teaching Practice 
                                   Good
                                                                                 good practice 
                         Classroom                              build on existing                  making feedback on 
                                    Assessment is an attempt to                                by 
                                                                  flexible, and more 
                         students' learning more systematic, more                    effective. Teachers already ask 
                         questions                   questions,
                                                               monitor body language 
                                    react to                                           and facial             read 
                                  ,         students'                                            expressions,
                         homework                                               provides
                                                     on.            Assessment             way 
                                    and tests, and so    Classroom                       a      to integrate assessment 
                         systematically                into               classroom                        process. 
                                        and seamlessly      the traditional          teaching and learning 
                 As                                                       questions,
                    they 
                         are teaching, faculty            react to                                                  facial 
                                              monitor and         student            colnrnents,      language, and 
                                                                                                body 
                 expressions                                                              gathering
                             in an                  fashion.                  information 
                                   almost automatic          This                                   andimpression 
                                                                  "automatic"
                 formation
                           is                            process.
                             a subconscious                       Teachers depend 
                                             and implicit                          heavily          impressionsof student 
                                                                                           on their 
                 learningand make             judgments
                                    important            based on them, but they rarely make 
                                                                                             those informal assessments 
                 explicitor check                                impressions             perform.
                                  them against the students'own              or ability to         In 
                                                                                                     the course of 
                 teaching,                          great
                          college
                                  faculty assume         deal about their students'learning, 
                                                  a                                        but most of their assumptions 
                 remainuntested. 
                 Even                                  gather
                       whencollege teachers routinely        potentiallyuseful information 
                                                                                            on student learning through 
                 questions,                                                            ­­
                            quizzeq,
                                    homework,               it is     collected
                                                and exams,      often          too late  at least from 
                             ­                                                                        the students' 
                 perspective                            practice,
                                                                 it is    difficult 
                              to affect their learning. In           very                                            used 
                                                                                   to               students who are 
                                                                                      "de­program"
                                                                 graded
                to thinking of anything they have                       on as 
                                                 been tested                  being       and       with." 
                                                             and                    "over     done        Consequently, 
                the most effective times to assess   provide           are before 
                                                 and          feedback           the chapter tests 
                                                                                                  or the midterm 
                                                                                                                 an 
                                                                  providing
                final examinations. Classroom Assessment                    thatearlyfeedback. 
                                                           aims at 
                           Assessmentis based on seven 
                Classroom                                assumptions: 
                            quality                                        not                           quality 
                        The                            is                      exclusively, related  the 
                    1.              of student learning  directly, although                        to           of 
                                                            promising ways              learning
                                 Therefore,                                 to improve           is  improve
                        teaching.           one    the most                                        to         teaching. 
                                                 of 
                                                                          to           goals
                                                                     first  make their 
                    2.  To improve their effectiveness, teachers need                        and objectives explicit and 
                               get                                       the         which 
                                                                            extent          they     achieving
                        then to    specific, comprehensible feedback on            to            are           those 
                        goals
                              and objectives. 
                                                                           appropnate
                                                                                      and focused feedback 
                                         learning, students     to receive                                   early and 
                    3.  To improve their                   need
                                                                             learning. 
                                                                        own 
                                        need         how           their 
                        often;they also      to learn     to assess 
                                                                                            is 
                                               mostlikely     improveteaching and learning  that conducted by faculty 
                    4.  The fype of assessment             to 
                                                                             in                      problems
                                  questions                 have formulated  response to issues or            in their 
                        to answer           they themselves 
                             teaching. 
                        own 
                                                                        powerful                         growth,
                                                                                          of motivation,         and 
                                   inquiry                           are          sources
                    5.  Systematic         and intellectual challenge 
                                                                                    providesuch
                                                                    Assessmentcan                 challenge. 
                                for        teachers,and Classroom 
                        renewal     college
                                                    not require            training; it can be carried out by dedicated 
                                   Assessment                   specialized
                    6.  Classroom              does
                                 from all disciplines. 
                        teachers
                                                                                        in 
                                                                      involving            Classroom Assessment 
                                         with            and                    students
                        By                    colleagues     actively
                    7.     collaborating
                                                                           personal
                                       (and                            and          satisfaction. 
                        efforts,faculty     students) enhance learning 
                                                                                           the         Classroom 
                                                                        only one or two of    simplest
                                                     recommended that 
                                    Assessment it is 
                To       Classroom
                   begin
                                                                         way            planning    preparation
                                                                              very                              time and 
                                                                     this          little         or 
                                                                   In 
                                            tried in only one class. 
                            Techniques are 
                Assessment
                                                                                                        Assessment 
                                                                          trying    a simple Classroom 
                                                  is risked. [n     cases,      out 
                                     and students             most
                       of the teacher 
                energy
                                                                                         an hour of time out of class. 
                                                                            and less than 
                                                                  class time 
                                            five to ten minutes of 
                           will require only 
                Technique
                                                                                                     worth 
                                       quick                           asto whether this approach is       further 
                                                           the decision 
                            oneor fwo        assessments,
                After trying 
                                                                                           involves 
                                                      made.       process of starting small         three steps: 
                                        energy can be        This 
                            of time and 
                investments
                     l: Planning 
                Step
                                                                          to try       Classroom Assessment. Decide 
                                                    your           which        out the 
                                                                 in 
                                                 of      classes
                        Select one, and only one, 
                                                                                                    a            quick 
                                                                    AssessmentTechnique. Choose  simple and 
                                    meeting and select a Classroom 
                        on the class 
                        one. 
                       Implementing 
                Step 2: 
                                                                         and                                 procedure. 
                                                           you               that they clearly understand the 
                                                     what      are doing 
                        Make sure the students know 
                                                                          possible. 
                                                                       as
                                                               as soon 
                        Collect the responses and analyze them 
                       Responding 
                Step 3: 
                                                                              studentsto become actively involved, 
                                                                    motivate
                        To           on time       assessing,     to 
                           capitalize         spent           and
                                                                             you 
                                                                       what              from                      what 
                        "close    feedback loop" by letting      know            learned      the assessments and
                               the                          them
                                                   will 
                                   that information     make. 
                        difference
                                 for 
                Five suggestions  a successful start: 
                                                                                  your              professional 
                        If             Assessment Techniques        not appeal to      intuition and 
                    1.    a Classroom                          does
                        judgement
                                   as a teacher, don't use it. 
                                                                               chore or burden. 
                                                                a self­inflicted 
                    2.  Don't make Classroom Assessment into 
                                                                                             you         previously
                                  your                               Assessment Technique        haven't            tried 
                    3.  Don't ask      students to use any Classroom 
                           yourself. 
                        on 
                                                                                          respond
                                                  you       you will      to carry out and        to the assessment. 
                    4.  Allow for more time than      think         need
                                                                         what you       from       feedback      how 
                                                loop." Let         know            learn      their         and
                    5.  Make sure to        the           students
                                      "close
                        you                                     improvelearning. 
                            and      can use that information to 
                                they 
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...Patricia k by thomas a angelo and cross handbookfor teachers from assessment techniques college nd ed classroom fundamental questions to two how well are in the s reformers seeking answers educational teaching research learning students effectively more effective about better respond concerns directly become systematic sensitive was developed encourage place classrooms faculty have exceptional observers of as it takes every day their an for study through such opportunity use aslaboratories process impact upon develop understanding involves major student continuous component feedback effectivenessas provides with monitoring progress most important because givesstudents measure aslearners themselves on analyzed assessmentsare created administered will results instructors apply likelihood that them greatly is enhances own frequent collection close observation much learn experiments can modest design particular approaches specifically what useful obtain helps individual help informationto ...

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