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                                                                           Pharmacology lecture notes
    Files are presented courtesy of the respective instructors, used with permission. Course notes. LEC # TOPICS INSTRUCTORS 1 Introduction (PDF) Receptors / Dose-Response Dr. Carl Rosow Prof. Gary Strichartz 2 Pharmacokinetics I (PDF) Pharmacokinetics II (PDF) Prof. Carol Walsh Prof. Carol Walsh 3 Interpreting Clinical Literature Cholinergic Pharmacology Case:
    Anticholinesterase (PDF) Harold Demonaco Prof. Gary Strichartz Course Faculty 4 Drug Metabolism Pharmacogenetics Cases: Anticoagulation, Sulfasalazine Dr. Mark Dershwitz Dr. Mark Dershwitz Students 5 Autonomic Pharmacology I and II (PDF) Cases: Pheochromocytoma, Asthma Dr. Carl Rosow Students 6 Local Anesthetics Antidysrhythmics (PDF) Cases: Poison
    Control, Cocaine Prof. Gary Strichartz Dr. Jeremy Ruskin Students 7 Pharmacokinetics III Antiinflammatory Drugs (PDF) Case: Glaucoma Prof. Robert Langer Dr. Michael Weinblatt Students 8 Vasoactive Drugs I (PDF) Vasoactive Drugs II: Heart Failure (PDF) Cases: Pharmacogenetics, Thyroid Disease Prof. Keith Baker Prof. Keith Baker Students 9 Lipid Lowering Drugs (PDF)
    Cases: Placental Transfer, Gout Dr. Robert Lees Students 10 Antihistamines Immunosuppression for Solid Organ Transplantation (PDF) Cases: Antiemetics, Geriatric Pharmacology Dr. Mark Dershwitz Prof. Thomas Spitzer Students 11 Drug Development Dr. Daniel Kohane 12 Neuropharmacology I: Drugs for Movement Disorders (PDF) Nitric Oxide (PDF) Cases: Placebo, Renal
    Failure Dr. David Standaert Dr. Warren Zapol Students 13 Neuropharmacology II: Anxiolytics and Antidepressants (PDF) Neuropharmacology III: Anticonvulsants (PDF) Cases: Lithium, Alcohol Dr. David Standaert Dr. David Standaert Students 14 Antimicrobials I and II (PDF) Cases: Drug Allergy, Migraines Dr. Robert Rubin Students 15 Chemotherapy I and II (PDF) Cases:
    Folate, Oral Hypoglycemics Dr. Donald Kufe Students 16 Opioids I and II (PDF) Cases: Cancer - Analgesia, Drug Abuse Dr. Carl Rosow Students Course Provides a methodical approach for administering drugs and monitoring the patient’s response to drug therapy. Content includes general principles of pharmacology, as well as legal, ethical, and safety aspects of medication
    administration. Focuses on the interaction between core drug knowledge (pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, contraindications or precautions, adverse effects and drug interactions) and core patient variables (health status, lifespan and gender, diet, lifestyle and habits, environment, inherited traits, and US cultural groups). Emphasizes nursing responsibilities maximizing
    therapeutic effects, and minimizing adverse effects. Provides the foundation of basic pharmacology required for a nurse. Date: 2015-09 Primary Material Type: Collection Institution: Saddleback College TAACCCT Round: 3 Subjects: nursing, pharmacology Industry Partner: Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center Industry Sector: Health Care and Social Assistance -- Hospitals
    (622) Occupation: Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations -- Registered Nurses (29-1111) Instructional Program: Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences (51) Credit Type: Credential Type: Certificate Credential Stacked/Latticed Credential Model Associate Degree Educational Level of Materials: 1st year Community College or equivalent 2nd Year
    Community College or equivalent Upper division of Bachelors degree or equivalent Time Required: typical 16 week semester Language: English (United States) Interactivity Type: Presentation only - requires user to navigate through content. Quality Assurance Organization: Healthcare Editorial Board Quality of Subject Matter was assured by: Consultations during development of
    instructional materials Using an approved rubric to conduct the evaluation of the instructional materials and providing a report Quality of Online/Hybrid Course Design assured by: Course Note: Nursing Formal Accessibility Policy: 205.01%20%20Special%20Services%20Student%20Information%20Handbook.pdf Accessibility Statement: Accessibility Features: Reading Layout -
    Page numbers match printed material Structural Markup - Lists Non Flickering Content Primary License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.   The study of the effects of drugs on living systems, aiming to improve their functioning DrugsMedicines, any substance or combination of substances which may be administered to human
    beings. Bio-actives Chemicals Nutrition  maintaining health & prevention Pharma  Prevention & therapy Nutrition and Pharma are getting closer. Approval of MedicinesIn NL CBG Nationally approved: RVG code Homeopathic medicines: RVH code European registration: EU code NaproxennatriumDrug (medicine), OTC (over the counter, without prescription) Generic vs brands
    Indications:-headaches -toothaches -menstual cramps -muscular pains -backache (lumbago) ChemicalNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), bind to cyclo-oxygenase (=prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)) Analgesic and antipyretic properties. Postaglandins COX I & COX II COX I gastro-protective COX II inflammatory prostaglandins Asparin inhibits COX I
    not an ideal situation. COX 2 inhibitors caused cardiac problems. Nowadays COX 2 inhibitors has also COX 1 inhibitors. Coated tablets are often coated, protective for the stomach. Naproxennatrium has COX II in it and also COX I. Coated can also been done because the compounds can’t handle the low PH. Site of actionDissolution can be a limiting step. Without dissolution
    there’s no effect. Pharmaceutical Phase  Formulation, administration desintegration, dissolution Pharmacokinetic Phase  Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion Pharmacodynamic phase  Interaction with molecular targets Routes of applicationI.V.  intravenious I.M.  intra muscles S.C.  Local  Lung  gas that can stay in the lungs. Sublingual  Intranasal
     easy absorption because of the thick mucosalayer Intra-uterine Vaginal Rectal Oral absorptionMostly in duodenum Drug should be in dissolved state Often by passive diffusion ( ....polarity, pKa etc) Sometime active transport involved Lipid soluble compunds (partly) with lipids Metabolism in intestinal wall can be considerable Rate limiting
    stepsTabletgranulesparticlessolution Bioavailability  binding, Metabolism  Intestinal wall (Barrier + metabolism)  Liver (metabolism)  systemic circulation Transcription factorsLocated in the cytoplasm Cannabinoid receptorsCannabis: - appetite stimulation - anti-inflammatory - anti-tumor? - Psychosis risk? - Hallucinogenic euforic Endocannabinoids (ECS) Same
    activation as cannabinoid, but from fatty acids CB1 most common receptor in the brain. CB1 receptor  eat things you like, more eating and storing fattissue CB1 antogonist  weight loss, HbA1c omlaag, adiponectin omhoog, HDL omhoog. Rimonabant  CB1 antogonist General principles of drug action: receptor modelsOccupation (affinity) and activation (efficacy) Inverse
    agonism: benzodiazepines and GABAAgonists are ligands which shift the equilibrium in favor of the active state Inverse agonists are ligands which shift the equilibrium in favor of inactive states Neutral antogonists are ligands which do not affect the equillibrium Pharmacokinetics (ADME)Making mathematical models. Quantitative dose effect relations Estimate and individualize
    dosage regimes Predict effect of co-medication Zero-order kinetics (saturatioin kinetics) PH dependent drug dissolution, absorption and distributionMany drugs are acids, bases or salts, so dissolutions, absorption and distribution is PH dependent Ion trapping can be used to distribute drugs into the urinary compartment to increase / decrease the urinary excretion of poisons/drugs
    etc. First order: elimination of drugs from the body usually follows first order kinetics with a characteristic half-life (t1/2) and fractional rate is constant (Kel). BiotransformationDiazepam t1/2=20-48 hr A long half-life time has the advantage: you don’t have to give it that often. The disadvantage: Sometimes it works longer than you wanted. Oxazepam t1/2=4-15 hr Elimination of drugs
    from the body usually follows first order kinetics with a characteristic half-life (t1/2) and fractional rate constant (kel) ClearanceClearance is a measure of the efficiency with which a drug is removed from the body. The amount of blood that’s completely clear of the drug. Cl= CLr + CLm First order elimination Clearance: volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time  Half-life of
    elimination: time for plasma conc. To decrease by half If there’s not a constant half-life time there isn’t just pure elimination. BIOAVAILABILITYThe proportion of the drug in a dosage form available to the body I.V. injection gives 100% bioavailability. Calculated from comparison of the area under the curve (AUC) relating plasma. InfusionSteady state level CssDysrhythmias: 
    Tachyarrhythmias:  Atrial fibrillation and SVT  Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation  Bracyarrhythmias Arrhythmias, main causes:  Delayed  Re-entry  Ectopic pacemaker activity  Heart block Beta-antagonist (Beta-blockers) Calcium-antagonists VerapamilBlocks calcium channels in the blood vessels and heart Given for arrhythmias Ischemic heart
    diseasesResult of inadequate blood supply to the heart muscles Most commonly duet o atherosclerosis Drug treatment in anginaNitrates give a coronary vasodilation  increasedd oxygen supply Half-life is very short of nitrates You get used to it. Myocardial infarctionBlocked artery  total occlusion  prolonged ischaemia  permanent cell damage or cell death  loss of fuction
    Management of MI  Defibrillators  Pacing  Thrombolytic therapy Anti-platelet drugs  streptokinase infusion and aspirin tablets Heart failure: clinical signs:  Oedema  Dyspnoea  Cyanosed lips and face Non drug therapy:  Sodium limitation  Avoid large amounts of fluid  Lose weight if indicated  Avoid alcohol  Keep exercising Effects of digoxin  Increases cardiac
    output  Decreased sympathetic tone  Increased urine output  Decreased renin release  Does not prolong life  Also effects electrical activity – decreased conduction thru AV node, decreases automaticity of SA node Renin-Angiotensin system  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors  Angiotensin II receptor blockers Hypertension consequences:  Heart disease,
    kidney disease Pharmacology of the autonomous nervous systemNeurons or nerve cells:  Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials  Organization Neuroglia or glial cells  Support and protect neurons Antagonistic control:  Structures served by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves  The effects are usually opposite or antagonistic  Most structures that receive
    parasympathetic innervation also receive sympathetic innervation  Most internal organs, salivary glans, tear glands, and intrinsic eye muscles Tonic control  Some structures are only served by the sympathetic system  Skin: sweat glands, errector pili  Most vasoconstrictors Acetylcholine both sympathetic and parasympathetic Beta1 agonists. Beta-2 agonists: Clenbuterol,
    increase muscle growth and low fat Nitric oxide Cytokines: polypeptides released during inflammation that regulate the action of inflammatory and inmmune system cells Infliximab (emicade)  Anti-TNF MAb (chimeric type)  Indications: rematoid arthritis, crohn’s disease Diseases and conditions with a recognised inflammatory component Rheumatoid arthritis  Auto-immune
    disease  Pain  Joint swelling  Morning stiffness  Feformities  Systemic chronic inflammatory disorder ImmunopharmacologyImmonostimulation Inhibition of immuneresponse Antihistaminics:  Histamine is found in most tissues, high concentrations in lungs, skin and GI tract  Four histamine receptors pharmacology lecture notes pdf. pharmacology lecture notes for
    pharmacy students. pharmacology lecture notes ppt. pharmacology lecture notes for nurses. pharmacology lecture notes pdf free download. pharmacology lecture notes for medical students. pharmacology lecture notes for nurses ppt. cardiovascular pharmacology lecture notes
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