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Vigyan Varta An International E-Magazine for Science Enthusiasts E-ISSN: 2582-9467
Popular Article
www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-2, Issue-11 Makwana et. al. (2021)
Canine Nutrition
Makwana, K. R.1, Belim, S. Y.1, Kansagara, Y. G1, Ahlawat, A. R.2*
2
and Odedra, M. D.
1 PG Scholar, COVSAH, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh
2 Associate professor, COVSAH, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, Gujarat
Corresponding Author
Ahlawat, A.R.
Email: dranshuahlawat@gmail.com
OPEN ACCESS
Keywords
Dog Nutrition, Temperament, Metabolic Body Weight
How to cite this article
Makwana, K. R., Belim, S.Y., Kansagara, Y.G., Ahlawat, A.R. and Odedra, M.D. 2021. Vigyan
Varta 2(11): 36-39.
ABSTRACT
The last 30 years have been characterized by a substantial increase in research into dog
nutrition, particularly concerning nutritional requirements. Dogs are a biologically diverse
species, with normal body weight of 4–80 kg (2–175 lb). The quantity of water required
also depends on a number of different factors like the animal’s diet, environment, activity
level, and health status. Out of twenty amino acids involved in protein synthesis in body
ten of these are essential in dogs. Protein requirements of dogs vary with age, activity
level, temperament, life stage, health status, and protein quality of the diet. Optimal diets
for adult dogs should contain a minimum 5% fat as dry matter (AAFCO guidelines) or 1.3 g
of fat per kg metabolic body wt/day (NRC guidelines) or 10 g fat/1,000 kcal ME (NRC
guidelines). The normal dog does not need are vitamins C and K, as he is normally able to
synthesize these in sufficient amounts. Maintenance of Calcium and Phosphorus ratio and
other minerals in diet is important.
INTRODUCTION topic; more so than further species. The result
of this was that many animals grew old quickly
og nutrition was based on anecdotal and died early. The last 30 years have been
knowledge from domestication until characterized by a substantial increase in
the beginning of last century. In 1943,
D research into dog nutrition, particularly
McCay, in his book “Nutrition of the dog” concerning nutritional requirements. The
quoted published studies and underlined that National Research Council (NRC) of the United
there was a real lack of information on this States, considering this new information, has
Nov. 2021 36 |P a g e
Vigyan Varta An International E-Magazine for Science Enthusiasts E-ISSN: 2582-9467
Popular Article
www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-2, Issue-11 Makwana et. al. (2021)
developed a new edition of Nutrient quantity of water required also depends on a
Requirements of the dog and cat. The National number of different factors like including the
Research Council (NRC) in 2006 updated its animal’s diet, environment, activity level, and
published Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and health status. Active and lactation females may
Nutrient Requirements of Cats in a single need more and puppies drink more water. High
publication that combined recommendations sodium foods will also cause your dog to drink
for both species.1 In 2007 the AAFCO Pet Food more The moisture content of canned pet foods
Committee again formed Canine and Feline varies from 60% to >87%. Dry pet foods
Nutrition Expert Subcommittees and charged contain 3%–11% water, and semi moist foods
these subcommittees with the task of revising contain 25%–35% water. As a result, dogs
the AAFCO Nutrient Profiles in consideration consuming predominantly canned food
of the information in the 2006 NRC Nutrient generally drink less water than those consuming
Requirements of Dogs and Cats (2006 predominantly dry diets. Aa a general rule a
NRC).The aim of this paper is to compare the healthy dog requires one ml of water for each k
different systems for evaluating nutrient cal of energy or 1 ounce of water (1/8 of a cup)
requirements, to obtain general rules useful for per pound of body weight each day
practical feeding and nutrition of dogs. Protein:
Body weight of Dog:
As descendants of wolves, domestic dogs retain
Dogs are a biologically diverse species, with their carnivorous physiology. Although dogs
normal body weight of 4–80 kg (2–175 lb). can consume plant material and metabolize
Normal birth weight of pups depends on breed protein from vegetables and grains, animal
type (120–550 g). The first 2 wk of a puppy’s protein from meat byproducts and meat is the
life is spent eating, seeking warmth, and best source of amino acids to a dog. A dog will
sleeping. External food sources beyond bitch’s eat until it has consumed enough protein to
milk are rarely needed, unless the bitch cannot meet its needs for amino acids and nitrogen.
produce enough milk or the puppy is orphaned. The dietary proteins are digested in stomach
In these cases, the puppy must be hand reared. and small intestine and are broken down to form
Growth rates of puppies are rapid for the first 5 Free amino acids and then absorbed into blood
mo; in this period, pups gain an average of 2–4 stream. Out of twenty amino acids involved in
g/day/kg of their anticipated adult weight. The protein synthesis in body ten of these re
growth rate begins to plateau after 6 mo, and essential in dogs Protein requirements of dogs
growth may be completed by 8–12 mo of age in vary with age, activity level, temperament, life
small and medium breeds and by 10–16 mo in stage, health status, and protein quality of the
large and giant breeds. diet. Most commercial dog foods contain a
General requirements of nutrients: combination of plant- and animal-based
proteins, with protein digestibility of 75%–
Feeding your dog the appropriate diet is a 90%. Digestibility is less for plant protein
fundamental part of raising a healthy dog. ingredients, protein of poor biologic value, and
The six classes of nutrients are water, protein, for poor-quality diets. Healthy adult dogs need
fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. a minimum of 2.62 g of protein of high biologic
Only protein, fat, and carbohydrate provide value per kg metabolic body wt (ie, B
energy; vitamins, minerals, and water do not. Wkg0.75)/day (NRC guidelines). Puppies need
more proteins than adult dogs, this requirement
Water: can be met by high quality protein providing 20
– 25 % dietary calories. Healthy puppies 4–14
The water requirement is determined by the wk old and >14 wk old need a minimum of 9.7
amount of food that the dog consumes. The g and 12.5 g of protein of high biologic value
Nov. 2021 37 |P a g e
Vigyan Varta An International E-Magazine for Science Enthusiasts E-ISSN: 2582-9467
Popular Article
www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-2, Issue-11 Makwana et. al. (2021)
per kg metabolic body wt/day, respectively. healthy adult dog should be on a diet of 20
Optimal diets for growing puppies should percent carbohydrates. If inadequate amounts
contain a minimum of 22% protein as dry of dietary carbohydrates are available, the body
matter (AAFCO guidelines) or 45 g will synthesize glucose from glucogenic amino
protein/1,000 kcal ME for puppies 4–14 wk old acids and glycerol.
and 35 g protein/1,000 kcal ME for puppies >14 Energy: Dogs need a certain amount of energy
wk old (NRC guidelines). Adult dogs require a to sustain the normal activities of their daily
minimum of 18% protein as dry matter lives. Growth, pregnancy, lactation, and
(AAFCO guidelines) or ~20 g protein/1,000 exercise all increase these normal energy
kcal of ME required (NRC guidelines). A requirements. Generally measured in terms of
general rule is that dogs require 2 grams of high calories, energy comes from three major dietary
quality animal protein per kilogram of body components: carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
weight per day. The energy from carbs and the energy from
Fat: proteins and fats is different as compared to
adult dogs growing pups require more energy
Dietary fat consists mainly of triglyceride with per kg body weight. As puppy approached
varying amounts of free fatty acids and adulthood energy requirement decrease.
glycerol. Lipids can either be simple Reproducing females need higher energy
(triglycerides, wax) or complex (containing requirements at end of gestation and during
many other elements). Fat is a concentrated lactation. Estimated energy requirements are
source of energy, yielding ~2.25 times the ME based on the weight of each animal as well as
(as an equal dry-weight portion) of soluble the average amount of energy various tasks
carbohydrate or protein. Dietary fats also require. RER represents the energy requirement
facilitate the absorption, storage, and transport for a normal animal at rest in a thermo neutral
of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). environment at a specific body weight. For
Dietary fat requirements vary with age and young pups under the age of 4 months multiply
species. Optimal diets for growing puppies the Resting Energy Requirement (RER) x 3. For
should contain a minimum 8% fat as dry matter pups 4 months and older multiply the RER x
(AAFCO guidelines) or 5.9 g of fat per kg 2. The caloric content of pets’ foods is usually
metabolic body wt/day (NRC guidelines) or expressed in kilocalories (kcal), which is 1,000
21.3 g fat/1,000 kcal ME (NRC guidelines). calories. Dogs require sufficient energy to
Optimal diets for adult dogs should contain a allow for optimal use of proteins and to
minimum 5% fat as dry matter (AAFCO maintain optimal body weight and condition
guidelines) or 1.3 g of fat per kg metabolic body through growth, maintenance, activity,
wt/day (NRC guidelines) or 10 g fat/1,000 kcal pregnancy, and lactation.
ME (NRC guidelines). Recent studies suggest
that α-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) is Metabolic energy requirements of dog: The
also essential in dogs. This omega-3 fatty acid modified at water ME values for dogs are 3.5
is found primarily in flaxseed oils. kcal/g for carbohydrate and protein and 8.5
CHO and crude fiber: Carbohydrates are the kcal/g of fat. Dogs houses outdoors and exposes
macronutrient that gives your dog energy. to extreme weather have changes in calorie
Fiber is integral for proper functioning of the requirement. During hot weather the energy
digestive system Though appropriate amount needs decrease and during cold weather the
again depends on the daily routine and lifestyle energy need increases to maintain body
of the dog Although there is no minimum temperature. The impact of various
dietary requirement for simple carbohydrates or environmental temperatures is described in the
starches for dogs certain tissues, such as the recent NRC publication on nutrient
requirements of dogs and cats and has been
brain and RBCs, require glucose for energy. A
Nov. 2021 38 |P a g e
Vigyan Varta An International E-Magazine for Science Enthusiasts E-ISSN: 2582-9467
Popular Article
www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-2, Issue-11 Makwana et. al. (2021)
documented under certain conditions. For and, often, by a reddish tinge to the hair in a
example, energy requirements increased from white-haired animal. Deficiency of zinc results
120 to 205 kcal/kg 0.75 in Huskies as ambient in emesis, keratitis, achromotrichia, retarded
temperatures decreased from 14°C in summer growth, and emaciation.
to –20°C in winter. CONCLUSION:
Vitamins:
Requirements of nutrients varies with age,
There is no AAFCO dietary requirement for breed, body condition etc. Water requirements
vitamin C for dogs, because they are able to depends on food quality. Digestibility of
synthesize it in the liver. There is also no protein less in plant-based protein. The normal
AAFCO dietary requirement for vitamin K for dog does not need are vitamins C and K, as he
dogs, because intestinal bacteria are able to is normally able to synthesize these in sufficient
synthesize it. Vitamin B12 is the only water- amounts. Maintenance of Calcium and
soluble vitamin stored in the liver, and dogs Phosphorus ratio and other minerals in diet is
may have a 2- to 5-yr depot. important.
Minerals: REFERENCES:
Mineral deficiency is rare in well-balanced Sanderson, S.L(2013) Nutritional
diets. Manipulation of dietary intake of Requirements and Related Disease of
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and Small Animals. https:// www.msdv
copper for therapeutic effect is common. In etman ual.com/ mana gem ent-and-
dogs, the optimal calcium: phosphorus ratio nutri tion/nutrition-small-
should be ~1.2–1.4:1; however, minimum and animals/nutritional-requirements-
maximum ratios by AAFCO are 1:1 to 2.1:1. and-related- diseases-of-small-
Clinical signs of magnesium deficiency in animals
puppies are depression, lethargy, and muscle
weakness. Deficiency of iron or copper is Mussa, P.P. and Prola, L. (2005). Dog Nutrient
marked by a microcytic, hypochromic anemia Requirements: New Knowledge.
Veterinary Research
Communications, 29(supple-2), 35-
38.
Nov. 2021 39 |P a g e
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