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technical report approved 4 december 2017 doi 10 2903 sp efsa 2017 e15121 dietary reference values for nutrients summary report european food safety authority efsa abstract dietary reference values drvs ...

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                                                                          TECHNICAL REPORT 
                                                                          Approved: 4 December 2017                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
                                                                          doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.e15121                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                                Dietary Reference Values for nutrients 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Summary report 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)  
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                          Abstract 
                                                                          Dietary reference values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient reference values 
                                                                          which include population reference intakes (PRIs), the average requirements (ARs), adequate intakes 
                                                                          (AIs) and reference intake (RIs) ranges for macronutrients. These values indicate the amount of a 
                                                                          nutrient  which  must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy 
                                                                          individual (or population). In 2005, the European Commission asked EFSA to review the advice of the 
                                                                          Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) dated 1993 on DRVs for the European population, to ensure that 
                                                                          Community action in the area of nutrition was underpinned by the latest scientific evidence. The task 
                                                                          was entrusted to the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). The Panel set the 
                                                                          foundations for this task in an inaugural opinion published in 2010, which addressed the general 
                                                                          principles for deriving and applying DRVs. A total of 32 scientific opinions were then published over 7 
                                                                          years, covering water, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fibre, protein, energy, as well as 14 vitamins 
                                                                          and 13 minerals. This  summary report brings together the summaries of the  individual opinions, 
                                                                          together  with  synthetic  tables  and  annexes.  It  provides  an  overview  of  the  outcome  of  EFSA’s 
                                                                          scientific deliberations for easy reference by end-users. This report is not meant to replace the original 
                                                                          opinions. For the detailed reasoning behind individual values, the reader is invited to consult the full 
                                                                          opinions. 
                                                                          Key words: dietary reference values; nutrients; macronutrients; micronutrients 
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                          Requestor: EFSA 
                                                                          Correspondence: nutri@efsa.europa.eu 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                          www.efsa.europa.eu/publications                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            EFSA Supporting publication 2017:e15121 
                                                                           
                                                                          DRVs summary report 
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                          Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2017. Dietary reference values for 
                                                                          nutrients:                                                    Summary                                                       report.                                          EFSA                                     supporting                                                        publication                                                         2017:e15121.                                                                     92                           pp. 
                                                                          doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.e15121  
                                                                            
                                                                          © European Food Safety Authority, 2017 
                                                                          Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.  
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                          www.efsa.europa.eu/publications                                                                                                                                                                                                           2                                                                                                EFSA Supporting publication 2017:e15121 
                                                                           
                                                                          DRVs summary report 
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                          Preface 
                                                                          Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient reference values 
                                                                          which include the Population Reference Intakes (PRIs), the Average Requirements (ARs), Adequate 
                                                                          Intakes (AIs) and Reference Intake (RIs) ranges for macronutrients. These values indicate the amount 
                                                                          of a nutrient which must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy 
                                                                          individual (or population). They are set on the assumption that the requirements for energy and all 
                                                                          other nutrients are already satisfied. DRVs also include the tolerable upper intake levels (ULs), which 
                                                                          represent the maximum average daily intake level of nutrients considered to be unlikely to pose a risk 
                                                                          of adverse health effects. DRVs are key concepts in the nutrition field. They provide the scientific basis 
                                                                          on which nutrition recommendations are built. They are the references used in dietary assessment 
                                                                          and diet planning, at the population and individual level. They also serve as the basis for setting 
                                                                          reference  values  in  food  labelling,  and  in  establishing  food  based  dietary  guidelines.  For  these 
                                                                          reasons, they will be helpful to health professionals, scientists, risk managers, policy makers, industry 
                                                                          and many more.   
                                                                          In 2005, the European Commission asked EFSA to review the advice of the Scientific Committee for 
                                                                                                                              1
                                                                          Food (SCF)  dated 1993 on DRVs for the European population, to ensure that Community action in the 
                                                                          area of nutrition was underpinned by the latest scientific evidence. The task was entrusted to the 
                                                                          EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). The Panel set the foundations for this 
                                                                          task in an inaugural opinion published in 2010, which addressed the general principles for deriving 
                                                                          and applying DRVs (EFSA NDA Panel, 2010a). A total of 32 scientific opinions were then published 
                                                                          over 7 years, covering water, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fibre, protein, energy, as well as 14 
                                                                                                                                                                                                 2
                                                                          vitamins and 13 minerals.   
                                                                          EFSA DRVs opinions share a common structure, which reflects the process by which DRVs are set. 
                                                                          Initial  sections provide background information on the nutrient under consideration, addressing its 
                                                                          chemistry, functions, physiology and metabolism, its interaction with other nutrients, as well as a 
                                                                          review of available biomarkers of intake and status. Data on sources of the nutrient and its intake in 
                                                                          European  countries  are  then  summarised,  gathered  from  national  reports  or  derived  from  EFSA 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     3                                                                                                                                                                            4
                                                                          Comprehensive  European  Food  Consumption  database   and  Food  Composition  database.   Each 
                                                                          opinion also compiles an overview of DRVs and recommendations set by other bodies. The Panel then 
                                                                          reviews existing literature on the physiological needs of the nutrient, as well as its association with 
                                                                          health outcomes, including the risk of chronic diseases, in order to identify criteria on which to base 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5
                                                                          the DRVs. Finally, the Panel integrates the available evidence and derives DRVs, where possible.  
                                                                          Because of the length of the individual opinions, it is impractical to publish them as a single report. 
                                                                          Therefore,  the  present  summary  report  puts  together  the  summaries  of  the  individual  opinions, 
                                                                          together  with  synthetic  tables  and  annexes.  It  provides  an  overview  of  the  outcome  of  EFSA’s 
                                                                          scientific deliberations for easy reference by end-users. This report is not meant to replace the original 
                                                                          opinions. For the detailed reasoning behind individual values, the reader is invited to consult the full 
                                                                                                                    6
                                                                          opinions.   
                                                                          Many gave their time and energy to the DRVs opinions: EFSA and its NDA Panel are heartily grateful 
                                                                          to all of them. Over the past 12 years, WG members on DRVs and NDA Panel members were involved, 
                                                                          with a special tribute to Albert Flynn and Ambroise Martin, former chairs of the NDA Panel. This 
                                                                          project  would  not  have  been  completed  without  the  dedication,  commitment  and  high  level  of 
                                                                                                                                     
                                                                          1   SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1993. Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific 
                                                                                   Committee for Food, 31st Series. Food - Science and Technique, European Commission, Luxembourg, 248 pp 
                                                                          2   The assessments of sodium and chloride are on-going and are meant for publication in 2019. An update of this summary 
                                                                                   report will be published once they become available. 
                                                                          3  http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/food-consumption/comprehensive-database 
                                                                          4  https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/data/food-composition   
                                                                          5   At the time the task was initiated, an opinion on tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals had already been 
                                                                                   published (http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/nda/nda_opinions.html). Therefore, ULs for micronutrients are not 
                                                                                   addressed in the scientific opinions compiled in the present report. 
                                                                          6  A link to the full opinion is provided at the beginning of the summary for each individual nutrient. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                           
                                                                          DRVs summary report 
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                          expertise of the EFSA Nutrition Unit, in particular Juliane Kleiner, Leng Heng, Anja Brönstrup, Céline 
                                                                          Dumas, Lucia Fabiani, Jelena Gudelj Rakic, Agnès de Sesmaisons Lecarré and Silvia Valtueña Martínez, 
                                                                          as well as the trainees and interim staff who have been involved. The support of other EFSA Units, in 
                                                                          particular the Evidence Management and Assessment and Methodological Support Units, needs to be 
                                                                          acknowledged as well. EFSA NDA Panel also wants to extend its gratitude to stakeholders for their 
                                                                          contribution  during  the  public  consultations  on  DRVs  opinions,  and  to  European  Commission’s 
                                                                          Directorate General Santé. Every individual involved in reviewing, interpreting and translating scientific 
                                                                          evidence into DRVs made a substantial contribution to public health and to the science and practice of 
                                                                          nutrition.    
                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dominique Turck 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Chair of the NDA Panel 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Valeriu Curtui 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Head of EFSA Nutrition Unit 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                           
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