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10/27/2017 Workshop Overview Hour 1.5: Core CBT elements + conceptualization: Maintaining reasonable structure + focus By Dr. Claudia J. Haferkamp, Case conceptualization Graduate and Clinical Psychology Coordinator, Hour #1.5‐3: Facilitating motivation + Millersville University treatment integration + flexibility CBT + Motivational Interviewing Exposure treatment: improving outcomes Other issues? (time permitting) CBT Core Elements “Typical” CBT session structure Collaborative empiricism (Beck, 2011) Check in + mood check (+ objective data?) Problem‐focused Collaboratively set initial session agenda Reasonably structured sessions Review action plan (homework) Re‐prioritize final session agenda Psycho‐educational and… Discuss problems + make interventions Focused on relapse prevention Final session summary Action plans (homework) are essential Review/develop next action plan (homework) Elicit CL feedback Cbtscience/training/resources: Loss of session structure + focus Session assignment + feedback Not adequately socializing CL to CBT Sample items: How well did: Not discussing specificsituations OR You feel heard + understood in today’s unfocused discussions: session? Not focused on KEY thoughts, feelings, etc. Today’s session help address your Unclear purpose of discussion OR no problems? interventions made How confusing was today’s session? TH’s thoughts about interrupting Not eliciting or responding to CL feedback How confident are you that you are progressing towards your therapy goals? 1 10/27/2017 Why form working hypotheses? CBT Conceptualization (Persons, 2015) Can’t treat what you can’t conceptualize One causal mechanism may underlie Conceptualizations help us: multiple problems Organize CL info ESTs may target a singledisorder ONLY Develop working hypotheses There are no ESTs for many disorders Develop treatment plans + rationales for Helps us address therapy‐interfering interventions thoughts + behaviors Build the working alliance Persons: Case Formulation Case formulation example (adapted) (Ledley et al., 2010) Inclusive problem list Mike’s parents held him to exacting standards and sent Origins him to schools known for academic rigor (ORIGINS). Precipitants (large events trigger current episode) As a result, Mike started seeing others as critical and feared being rejected for making mistakes (CAUSAL Antecedents (activating situations): triggers MECHANISMS). These thoughts occurred after symptoms deciding to enter the priesthood (PRECIPITANT). Behaviors Afterwards he had ATs such as, “I make more mistakes Consequences (functional) than others” and “people will notice my anxiety…they’ll think I’m incompetent” resulting in Causal mechanisms (mostly cognitive) increased (social) anxiety (i.e., blushing, sweating, Organismic variables (unique vulnerabilities) sleep disruption) (SYMPTOMS/PROBLEMS). Case formulation (cont.) Inclusive problem lists Having to give his first sermon triggered his anxiety Problem areas: Problems with lists: again (ACTIVATING SITUATION). Mike coped by Health, psychiatric Using vague terms/traits: over‐preparing sermons, only spoke to familiar people Interpersonal/family Why is it a problem? at social events and avoided discussing the priesthood Ignoring non‐ with his family (MECHANISMS). This temporarily Job/school psychological problems reduced his anxiety (FUNCTIONAL Financial CL has “solved” it (?) CONSEQUENCES) but he missed making valuable Housing DO: describe symptoms social contacts and did not self‐disclose with his Legal DO: look for themes or mentors which left him feeling more dejected and relationships among unsure of his future (SYMPTOMS/PROBLEMS). Leisure functioning problems 2 10/27/2017 What should be on Mike’s David Tolin (Doing CBT, 2016) problem list? Automatic + Semi‐Automatic cognition #1: Automatic thoughts > trigger mood congruent #2: attention + recall #3: Intermediate beliefs (Semi‐Automatic) Cognitive distortions, rules, interpretations #4: Core beliefs/schemas (Semi‐Automatic) > may #5: trigger compensatory strategies (Young et al., 2006): Maintenance/Surrender (do the usual…) Avoidance/Escape (avoid your triggers) Compensation/Counter‐Attack (do the opposite) AT: (Automatic) Activating sit.: They’ll see memory Mike asked to me sweat or bias: Recalls Why behavior is so important deliver his first make other social sermon mistakes in anxieties, World responds to what we say/do, not what the sermon mistakes Consequences: high we think anxiety, blushing, Guideline #1: Do better in order to feel better sweating, “rough” Origins: critical performance parents; Guideline #2: Do the healthyopposite: demanding schools Teaches new coping skills Compensatory (Semi‐ Disconfirms one’s (maladaptive) beliefs Responses: (Semi‐ Automatic avoids eye automatic) ) CB: I’m a Guideline #3: Avoid avoidance: contact; looks Interpretation: loser who down; talks fast It’s hopeless. messes up (to finish I’ll always Short‐term gain may enable long(er) term pain sermon sooner) screw up cbtscience/training/resources: ESTs: Lack of response Lack of progress worksheet 40% of CLs are in Pre‐Contemplation stage Sample “lack of progress” factors: (Prochaska et al., 2014) Relationship is weak, problematic Driessen et al., 2013: 16 sessions of CBT vs. Little is known about treating CL’s disorder psychodynamic therapy: Goals are unrealistic (or we disagree on them) No differences on any outcome measures Treatment dose is not meeting CL’s needs OR Average 22% remission CL needs adjunct (or different) treatment Friborg & Johnsen (2017): results of CBT for My own/CL’s behaviors are interfering w/treatment unipolar depression declined over time Substance use is interfering with treatment CL has high social strain or lacks social supports 3 10/27/2017 David Burns: Outcome + Process Resistance Beck: Therapy interfering beliefs Outcome:CL resists due to “magical thinking,” If I try + solve problems >>> i.e., superstitious beliefs about treatment I’ll fail OR have to become more responsible outcomes: It means my TH is controlling me + I’m weak My anxiety protects me from something worse If I get better, my life will get worse. WHY? My depression is the price I must pay for my sins CL fears not meeting others’ (new) expectations Process:CL resists interventions due to magical Loss of social support or enabling relationships thinking: Facing life challenges directly: may lose your Exposure treatment resistance: My anxiety disability, lose your therapist, etc. protects me from X Other treatment challenges Integrating CBT + MI for anxiety (Ledley, et al., 2010) (Randall & McNeil, 2016 CL thinkss/he must discuss the past in order to CBT elements consistent with MI: get better Problem‐oriented > clear change targets CL thinks her/his problems are biologically Highly collaborative relationship determined Case formulation used to guide active CL thinks that CBT may not work for her/him treatment planning Are CL’s meds interfering with treatment? Focus on skills + behavior change CL’s attributions for change when taking meds? Enhancing Motivation: Enhancing Motivation: Key MI processes Key MI processes Engaging: Solid relational foundation Evoking: Draw out CL’s reasons for change: Accurate empathy Listen for “change talk” (vs. sustain talk) OARS to understand ambivalence Selectively reinforce + summarize change talk Avoid the “righting” reflex (expert trap) Elicit‐Provide‐Elicit Focusing: Guide CL to a key change target: Planning: Bridge to change: Identify behavior about which CL feels Selectively reinforce commitment language ambivalent Determine readiness for change + assist with What’s important to you? What could get in the specific change plans way? 4
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