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Middlebury College Arabic Sociolinguistics Spring 2013 1 Arabic Verb Inflectional Morphology Arabic verbs inflect for the following grammatical categories: st nd rd ّ 1. Subject agreement in person (1 , 2 , and 3 ), number (singular درفملاُ , dual ىنثملاُ , and َ َّ َّ plural عمجلا), and gender (masculine ركذملاُ and feminine ثنؤملاُ ), َ 2. Tense/aspect (perfect يضاملا vs. imperfect عراضملا), 3. Mood (indicative عوفرملا, subjunctive بوصنملا, and the jussive موزجملا), and 4. Voice (active مولعملا vs. passive لوھجملا). َ َ We discuss the morphology and uses of each in turn. Tense/aspect morphology Verb morphology in the perfect يضاملا The perfect is mainly used in past tense contexts. .ﺔﻳﺿﺎﻣﻟا ﺔﻧﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ روداوﻛﻻا ﻰﻟإ ﻲﺧأ تﻧﺑ ترﻓﺎﺳ .سﻣأ ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺳوﻣ ﺔﻠﻔﺣ ترﺿﺣ .نﻳﺗﻧﺳ ذﻧﻣ ﺔﻳﺑرﻌﻟا ﺔﺳارد تأدﺑ The perfect is also used in what is called hypothetical past, as in conditional clauses introduced by ول/اذإ (= ‘if’). .ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ةر ﺋ ﺎ ط تﻳرﺗﺷﻻ ار ﻳ ﻧ و ﻳ ﻠ ﻣ تﻧﻛ وﻟ .نوﺗﺟﻧﻟرﻳﺑ ﻰﻟإ بﻫذﺄﺳ ادﻏ ﺎﺳﻣﺷﻣ وﺟﻟا نﺎﻛ اذإ ً ً ً 1 This handout is based on Chapters 21, 34, and 35, of Karin Ryding’s A Reference Grammar for Modern Standard Arabic, which is on reserve at the Davis Library. 1 Middlebury College Arabic Sociolinguistics Spring 2013 Verb morphology in the imperfect عراضملا The imperfect is used with habitual events and actions in‐progress. .نﻵا مدﻘﻟا ةر ﻛ نوﺑﻌﻠﻳ مﻫ .ﻲﺳاردﻟا ﻝﺻﻔﻟا اذﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺑرﻌﻟا تﺎﻳﻧﺎﺳﻠﻟا مﻠﻋ سردﻧ نﺣﻧ .تاوﻧﺳ رﺷﻋ ذﻧﻣ ةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا مﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺟرﺗﻟا مﺳﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻣﻌﻳ ﺎﻫدﻟاو Expressing the future لبقتسملا in MSA The future is expressed via the prefix ـس or the morpheme فوس before the imperfect form of َ َ َ the verb. .فﺻﻟا دﻌﺑ ﻲﺗﻓرﻏ ﻰﻟإ دوﻋﺄﺳ .ﻊﻳﺑرﻟا ﺔﻠطﻋ ﻲﻓ كروﻳوﻳﻧ ﺔﻳﻻو ﻰﻟإ رﻓﺎﺳﻧ فوﺳ 2 Middlebury College Arabic Sociolinguistics Spring 2013 Mood morphology Verb morphology in the indicative mood عوفرملا عراضملا The indicative mood is the default form of the verb in Arabic. If no subjunctive or jussive particle occurs before the verb, the verb will appear in the indicative form. .ﺔﻧﻣﺎﺛﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ حﺎﺑﺻ ﻝﻛ ﺔﻳﺑرﻌﻟا فﺻ ﻰﻟإ بﻫذأ ُ ؟ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟا ﺢﺗﻔﺗ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ يأ ﻲﻓ نﻳﻓرﻌﺗ ﻝﻫ ُ 3 Middlebury College Arabic Sociolinguistics Spring 2013 Verb morphology in the subjunctive mood بوصنملا عراضملا The subjunctive mood indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the event, and is marked by ِ َ َ ّ a set of particles: نأ – ـل ‐ يك – يكل – ىتح – نل ْ َ .رﺻﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺗرﺳأ كرﺗﻳ نأ دﻳرﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﻛﻟ تارﺎﻣﻹا ﻲﻓ ةز ﺎ ﺗ ﻣ ﻣ ﻝﻣﻋ ﺔﺻرﻓ ﻩدﻧﻋ ْ .اذﺎﻣﻟ فر ﻋ أ ﻻ .ﻲﻌﻣ مﻠﻛﺗﺗ نأ ضﻓرﺗ ﻲﻫ َ .ﺔﻳﺑرﻌﻟا ﺔﻐﻠﻟا سردﻧ ﻰﺗﺣ/سردﻧ ﻲﻛﻟ/سردﻧ ﻲﻛ/سردﻧﻟ ﻲﺿﺎﻣﻟا فﻳرﺧﻟا ﻲﻓ ندرﻷا ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻧرﻓﺎﺳ َ ّ َ َ َ .ضﻳرﻣ ﻲﻧﻷ ادﻏ ﺔﻳﺑرﻌﻟا فﺻ ﻰﻟإ بﻫذأ نﻟ َ 4
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